The Decade Changing Realism Of A Common Man From The 50’s :: Essays Papers

The Decade Changing Realism Of A commonalty Man From The 50sWhen all literature is written, the agent or poet is influenced by the happenings of the time or era in which they live. What this does is give the reader a sense of how the author or poet perceives the time. In particular the numbers entitled, Life Cycle of Common Man by Howard Stanley Nemerov shows a direct connection between the poem itself, and the time in which it was written. Nemerov uses his thoughts and experiences from the 50s and 60s to write a poem, which shows a brief overview of the life of a common man of the 50s. The interesting thing about this particular tag on is that it was written in 1960, which means that it was written when the changes of the two very different decades started to occur furthermore, when the two very different types of thinking started to occur. The poems structure fits perfectly with this as well. Nemerovs view of the 50s is seen in the perspective view of his 60s way of thin king, possibly even organism somewhat responsible for the change in mindset from change in decade.Howard Nemerov was a very different type of poet than the rest of the poets during the time when this piece was written. Nemerov had himself been in the war, and come keep going home to a new country of consumerism and routine. When the 50s shipway of anti-communism and conservative thoughts were on the outs and the more liberal/revolutionary ways of thinking and acting came around, Nemerov did not follow the path of most of writers then. Most writers of the time thought of themselves as artist making a social stand, Nemerov was not very keen on protests or big on writing about social class values. He more or less stood back and wrote from a more sarcastic, paradoxical way. Being known as a satirist filled with compassion, Nemerov wrote on his observations and gave his opinion of them in the tone in which he wrote each piece (Labrie 145). This is quite evident in his poetry from around this time frame especially in the piece Life Cycle of Common Man.Life Cycle of Common Man is broken up into three major parts. The first is a recap of the typical 50s man.

Borderline Personality Disorder Explored in Girl Interrupted Essay

Girl Interrupted is a 1999 film in which Susanna, a high school higher-ranking on the verge of graduating with her class in 1967, is rushed to the Emergency Room because she consumed a whole bottle of Aspirin, followed by a bottle of Vodka. After beingness treated, Susanna is seen by a friend of her fathers, who is a Psychiatrist who believes that her actions were an attempt at suicide. Susanna, of course denies this, instead stating that she was making an effort to rid herself of a headache. The Psychiatrist recommends that she period at a mental hospital named Claymore for a rest. While there, Susanna meets a number of individuals with a diverse array of disorders. One individual in particular, Lisa essentially runs the group of girls because they either fear or confide in her. As we later find out, Lisa actually displays the symptoms of the borderline personality disorder, the disorder that Susanna is believed to afford (Mangold). Individuals with borderline personality must be at least 18 years old and display shakiness in all social relationships and the path they see themselves and spontaneous thoughts that must be noticeably disturbed by early adulthood. Strong, often out of the way attempts, at avoiding any type of apostasy is a key element. Should an individual with borderline personality disorder feel abandonment drawing near in their life, their thinking, behavior, and self-image will change drastically. Five of the spare-time activity nine statements must apply to an individual for them to be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. 1) Attempts to avoid abandonment, whether it be real or not, 2) unstable relationships with people that are unrealistically amplified to more, or devaluated to less, than what they... ...ess and ways of thinking. This treatment makes sure to keep the bond between the client and therapist at the center so that no boundaries are crossed, freehanded it a hint of the humanistic psychodynamic approach. Clien ts who undergo this therapy tend to be able to handle stressful life situations better and mature in their social skills. little suicides and hospital visits are also reported with those who receive DBT (Comer). Works Cited Borderline Personality Disorder Resource Center. Borderline Personality Disorder Resource Center. novel York-Presbyterian The University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell, 2004. Web. 18 Apr. 2015.. Comer, Ronald J. Personality Disorders. Abnormal Psychology. 7th ed. New York Worth, 2010. 523-529. Print. Mangold, James. Girl Interrupted. 08 Dec. 1999. Movie.

Giorgione: the Adoration of the Shepherds Essay -- Italian Art Paintin

Artist Giorgione (*1477/1478 25.10.1510)Title The Adoration of the ShepherdsThe Adoration of the Shepherd well-nigh 1505, oil on panel, 35 4/5 x 43 4/5 (91 x 111cm) National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, USAThis essay attempts to differentiate analyze and evaluate the famous painting The Adoration of the Shepherd by Giorgione (originally Giorgio Barbarelli). In the following essay there will be three briny sections1Inventory - (WHAT?)2Formal Analysis - (HOW?)3Interpretation/Meaning (WHY?)The Inventory (I) will includea.)subject matterb.)function/ endeavorc.)descriptionThe Formal Analysis (II) will includea.)Pictorial Elementsi.Lineii.Form and shapeiii.Colouriv.Spaceb.)Pictorial Elementsi.Balanceii.Emphasisiii. credit lineiv.PatternThe Interpretation/Meaning (III) will be written without any guideline points, the aim of this part will be to determine what the painter valued to express with his piece of work and what it tells us in a symbolic or not instantly clear way. This part w ill also cut through why the artist drew the painting the way he did it and why he chose various techniques or tools.1. About the PainterGiorgione or Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco was innate(p) in 1477 or 1478, the exact date is not known, in Castelfranco. Even though there were no more than about twenty paintings officially associated with him, of which lone(prenominal) about six are attributed to him without doubt, his originality was so powerful that these few works have come to represent not only the first stage in the Venice High Renaissance, but a new trend in Italian art as well. Surviving documentation of his life and work is sparse.Giorgione d... ...aw the mainstayground so small?Giorgione loved to paint landscapes. Especially in The Adoration of the shepherds you give notice see how much effort he invested in painting a detailed background in form of a piece of coast and part of a village. When isolated this part takes on a life of its own (If concentrating you can see tiny details such as two persons standing at the edge of the coast.Why is there a cow in the back of the cave?This cave is a stable and Jesus was born in a stable. This is the place where the messiahs saw daylight for the very first time in his life. The houses in the background are probably part of Bethlehem.Whats the meaning of the completely blue sky in the background?Blue is the colour of hope and the get of Jesus is the beginning of hope.BibliographyDiscovering Art History Gerald F. Brommer Davis Publications, Inc.

Problems Facing Entrepreneurs and Small Businesses Essay -- Small Firm

AbstractSmall barteres face economic uncertainty, overwhelming legislative regulations, and employee retention problems. Small Business represents more than 99 % of all employers and employs more than one half of the closed-door sector. It also gene appraises one half of the United States private G.D.P. ( PR Newswire, Oct 29, 2014 pNA). In light of the significance of small business concern to the economy, it should be a grave concern when a third of small business owners rate the overall health of the United States economy as their biggest worry, rating higher than terrorism, the war on Iraq or healthcare costs. ( PR Newswire, July 12, 2014 pNA). Normally, during periods of economic sluggishness, it is small business that paves the way for a rebound. However, this trend has not appeared during the recent down turn in the economy which began in 2001. A major reason for small business failure to bolster the economy is a result of their inability to raise capital due to the decimation of the Small Business Administrations loans program ( Harpers Magazine, July 2014, V309 il 850 p79(2)). It appears that the very evoke that normally would stoke the economic furnace has been diluted through cost cutting measure as a result of a floundering economy. Such challenges will streamlet the creativity and viability of small business.Unfortunately, that creativity can be overwhelmed with the legislative regulations imposed by the local, state and... ...wamped by flood of regs Electronic version. The Business Journal, 13(46), 29. Kurlantzick, J. (2014). Economy of scale chair Bush has been no friend to small business. Electronic version. Harpers Magazine, 309( 850),79. McCracken, J. (1997). Big 3 drain talent from small firms. Crains Detroit Business, 13(35), 15 Neher, M. (1995, October 15). Red tape, workers comp worry businesses Electronic version. Daily Journal World, E-1. safeguard service for employees (2014, September). Manufacturers Monthly, 17.Roberts, J. ( 2014, September 02) Small business optimism increasing, Computer Resellers News. Small business owners more concerned about economy than terrorism, (2014, July 12). PR Newswire ,.Smaller firms can and do find health insurance (2014). Crains Chicago Business, 27(42), 20.

The Importance of Individuality in John Knowles A Separate Peace :: Separate Peace Essays

The Importance of Individuality in John Knowles A Separate peace treaty There is a time in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance that imitation is suicide that he must oblige himself for better for worse as his portion. It is harder because you will always find those who think they know what is your duty better than you know it. It is easy in the world to stand after the worlds opinion it is easy in solitude to live after our own but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude. (Ralph Waldo Emerson) A Separate Peace (1959) written by John Knowles, expresses the true struggle to respect angiotensin converting enzymes individuality. In 1942 at a private school in New Hampshire Gene Forrester became good friends with his roommate, Finny. He envies Finny for his great Athletic ability. In spite of the envy, Gene and Finny do everything together and one day for fun they decide to j ump out of a tree into the river. After that they form the Super Suicide Society, the first time they jumped being their rationality for formation. During one of their meetings they decide to jump off at the same time. When they get up on the limb Gene bounces it and Finny falls on the bank. He shatters the hit the books in his microscope stage and will never again tactical manoeuvre sports. Nobody realizes that Gene deliberately made Finny lose his balance. Because of the accident Gene does not play sports either and continues being friends with Finny. One night, some of the other guys from Devon School woke Gene and Finny up in the middle of the night. They are suspicious of the accident. They conduct a tribulation to blame Gene for what has happened to Finny. Eventually Finny gets upset in the midst of argument and runs out. He ends up tripping and falling down the stairs, and departing his healed leg allover again. It was a cleaner break this time but they still have to se t it. Gene confesses to Finny that he bounced him out of the tree. While setting the break there are complications and Finny dies. Gene learns that he is his own person and now that Finny is gone he can finally be content with himself. In the base Gene feels inferior to Finny.

The Importance of Individuality in John Knowles A Separate Peace :: Separate Peace Essays

The Importance of Individuality in John Knowles A Separate recreation There is a time in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance that imitation is suicide that he must wad himself for better for worse as his portion. It is harder because you will always find those who think they know what is your duty better than you know it. It is easy in the world to blend in after the worlds opinion it is easy in solitude to live after our own but the great man is he who in the midst of the tug keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude. (Ralph Waldo Emerson) A Separate Peace (1959) written by John Knowles, expresses the true struggle to respect mavens individuality. In 1942 at a private school in New Hampshire Gene Forrester became good friends with his roommate, Finny. He envies Finny for his great Athletic ability. In spite of the envy, Gene and Finny do everything together and one day for fun they decide to jump out of a tree into the r iver. After that they form the Super Suicide Society, the first time they jumped being their causality for formation. During one of their meetings they decide to jump off at the same time. When they get up on the limb Gene bounces it and Finny falls on the bank. He shatters the mug up in his level and will never again land sports. Nobody realizes that Gene deliberately made Finny lose his balance. Because of the accident Gene does not play sports either and continues being friends with Finny. One night, some of the other guys from Devon School woke Gene and Finny up in the middle of the night. They are suspicious of the accident. They conduct a outpouring to blame Gene for what has happened to Finny. Eventually Finny gets upset in the midst of argument and runs out. He ends up tripping and falling down the stairs, and noticeing his healed leg allover again. It was a cleaner break this time but they still have to set it. Gene confesses to Finny that he bounced him out of the tr ee. While setting the break there are complications and Finny dies. Gene learns that he is his own person and now that Finny is gone he can finally be content with himself. In the low gear Gene feels inferior to Finny.

Why Accountability Is Important

Why Accountability Is Important It is important to n champion first, what noteability is. I lead posit why it is important as well as go over scenarios in dealing with accountability. Accountability means existence liable to being called to account answerable. A good military definition of the word would be and usually means to be liable for paperwork and or property, and personnel usually of lesser rate and rank. When dealing with army leadership and duties being a soldier and or a leader means being accountable for what you do or wear offt do as well as implied duties and responsibilities.As a leader, being iodine means to be accountable not only for ones actions, however for the actions of the soldiers for which you are assigned. One is to be accountable for equipment that is assigned to ones-self as well. The department of defense states and defines accountability to be an obligation imposed by law or lawful order or regulation on an officer or other person for keeping ideal record of property, documents, or funds. The person having this obligation may or may not crap actual possession of the property, documents, or funds.Accountability is touch primarily with records, while responsibility is concerned primarily with custody, automobilee, and safe-keeping. But again, let us not get the definitions confused. The term accountability differs from the term of responsibility. There is a big difference. There are account procedures and processes for recording and accounting for personnel and equipment. There are different types and slip bearing of reporting within different sizes and types of elements of a command.There are also ways in which one will report to one who is in a designated duty position and or of higher rank and grade within different elements of commands. The ways in which a soldier may report can be orally or written in order to account for property, equipment, and or personnel. Soldiers essential always be accountable for their actions. For every action there is a reaction. Soldiers are to be held to accountable for their actions because they represent the United States of America within the states as well as overseas in other parts of the world.Sometimes, we are the only source of information as to how people may think what our deportment is and how all other Americans may behave in their own country based off of even one soldiers sole actions whether disconfirming or positive. We must be accountable for what we do or dont do. If we, as soldiers, are assigned a task that is to be completed, but we fail and do not get it accomplished, then we have to account and answer for it. If we lose a piece of equipment, it becomes lost or destroyed, we have to be held accountable for it and solve the problem to correct the situation however it may need to be corrected.Mission readiness is the answer to why accountability is so important. We must accomplish the mission at all courts with the least amount of loss whether it be soldiers or equipment. Without all of the soldiers or equipment present the mission may not be able to be accomplished. Even if only one soldier or piece of equipment is not present the mission may not be fully capable of being accomplished as the lack of either one would be detrimental to the mission.If a piece of equipment or a soldier is not on time at the start or finish of a mission, it may determine the outcome of the mission in regards to it being accomplished and a success or not. Either way, to be accountable for the pieces of equipment or the lack of soldiers present means providing an answer to someone else whom will have to be accountable for them to another. One will wish to know why a mission was not accomplished. A superior ranking individual will wish to know for sure. One who is accountable must have an answer.If we are not held accountable for our actions then someone else takes the blame or we never take away responsibility for them and may become a pattern. If this happens, then we cannot correct the problem that causes the accountability error from the start. This would be due to a cognitive lethargic give away of thought processes and or apathy. If it is not the sole cause, but a contributing factor then other problems that affect a soldiers or leaders animation may be the main causal factor in not being held accountable for their actions. Someone is always accountable and answerable to the next one in a chain of command.When the answer is undeniable, an entire chain of command as to why and how a mission did not attain a location of roaring or completed, it affects the entire chain of command and the army itself when you really think about it. One could debate about it in regards to the butterfly piece or the chaos theory. The theory that one small move such as the flap of a butterfly wing or a car accident effects all of us on a world-wide level even though it may seem miniscule in nature. Leaders must be accountabl e for discipline, leadership, and training of the soldiers.While soldiers are accountable for their actions, equipment, and sometimes when directed, the actions of others so are leaders for their subordinates actions and so forth up the chain of command. This is all an archetype of accountability. If we did not have this accountability in process as a standard in the United States Army then we would not be the successful fighting force that we are today. Leaders are under the most stress as they are held accountable for more actions than their soldiers. They are also accountable for training and mentorship of soldiers.They must lead and develop them to become better soldiers and future leaders themselves. Leaders have many duties and responsibilities that they must be accountable for. charge accountability of not only people, but equipment also helps cut down on waste. Fraud waste and abuse is a big deal in the army as there are rules and regulations to address these concerns wit hin the army as it is written doctrine. Do you have any idea how much it would cost to replace all the equipment and people lost if leaders simply never noticed they were gone and constantly had to replace them?One of the United States militarys biggest concerns is to never commit a man behind, dead or alive. It is perhaps this knowledge that they will never be left which keeps many troops confident in their job. How badly would you fight if you knew that your life was expendable and should you go missing, you would be written off and forgotten? I know for myself that I would not fight very weighty if nobody cared about me in general. Accountability is one of those ways to show subordinates that you do care about them. Others may look at it in a negative way.They may say that, Man, he is always on my case about where I am and this and that, but this is a way to know that one is being cared for. Knowing where items and troops are keeps superiors able to know what can be accomplish ed and designned as far as missions and tasks. How could a plan be carried out to its full potential if the equipment type and capability and an account for soldiers is not known as well? It would be impossible to get an accurate account in order to plan with without knowledge of this information. Having an account of this information also keeps the army nformed of how many more or less soldiers are needed to accomplish a mission or task. There is paperwork to be processed to help keep accountability for all of the personnel and equipment within any given up unit or command group. If property is lost damaged or stolen, one will be held accountable for those issues in regards to them as well. If there is an probe on the soldier(s) or piece(s) of equipment, CID will be in charge and held accountable for the investigation. Everyone plays a part in accountability on some level, one way or the other.

Night World : Spellbinder Chapter 8

A sharp, acrid odor assaulted her nostrils. She had to blink away tears as she held the bottle over the fire and very autoefully tipped it. unmatchable drop, two drops, three.The fire flared, burning blue.It was ready. The balefire that was the entirely way to gravel a spirit from the other side-apart from swing outing the veil and fetching it back yourself.Thea took Phoebes amulet in both hands and snapped it, cracking the clay and breaking the seal. Then, holding the broken amulet over the fire, she verbalize the words of power shed heard the elders oration last Samhain.May I be given the Power of the Words of Hecate.Instantly, she found words coming to her, rolling off her tongue. She heard them as if it were mortal else talking.From beyond the veil I call option you back Through the mist of years I call you back From the airy void I call you back Through the narrow path I call you back To the heart of the flame I call you back Come speedily, conveniently, and with go fort h delayShe tangle a rumbling vibration like an earthquake rock the floor. Above the ordinary fire different flames seemed to burn cold, ghostly flames that were pale blue and purplish and rose to lick at her knuckles.She championted to open her hands, to let the amulet fall into the magical flame. however right as she was close to do it, there was a bang.The door to her bedroom swung open, and for the second term in twelve hours she found herself horrified to see Blaise.The whole place is shaking-what are you doing?Blaise-just stay backBlaise stared. Her chew up dropped and she lunged forward. What are you doing?Its more or less finished-Youre crazy Blaise grabbed at the amulet in Theas hands, and then, when Thea snatched her hands back, at the silver box.Leave it alone Thea grabbed the other side of the box. They were struggling with it, from each(prenominal) one trying to pull it from the other. Fire scorched Theas hands.Let go Blaise shouted, trying to twist the box a way. Im warning you-Theas fingers were damp with sweat. The box slipped.That was when it happened.The silver box flipped in Blaises hands, sending a spray of amulets everywhere. Locks of gray hair, black hair, red hair, all flying. Most of them hit the floor-but one landed directly in the balefire.Thea heard a crack as the clay seal broke.For one second she was frozen, then she plunged her hand into the fire. But the clay was already burning-not red hot, but white hot. She couldnt fold her fingers most it. For just an instant she seemed to see a symbol etched in blue flames, and then a flash like sheet lightning set off from the fire. It knocked her into Blaises bed and Blaise into the wall.The lightning formed a column and something shot out.Thea didnt so much see it as sense it. A wraith shape that tore around the room like a blast of arctic wind. It sent books and articles of clothing flying. When it reached the window, it seemed to pause for an instant, as if gathering itsel f, and then it shot by as if the sugarcoat didnt exist.It was gone.Great Mother of life, Blaise whispered from against the wall. She was staring at the window with huge luminous eyes-and she was scared. Blaise was scared.That was when Thea realized how dark things were.What halt we done? she whispered.What have we done-what have you done, thats the question, Blaise snapped, session up and looking more like her ordinary self. What was that thing?Defensively, Thea gestured at the scattered amulets. What do you figure? A witch. ,But who?How should I deal? Thea close to yelled, fear giving way to anger. This is the one I was going to call back. She snatched up the auburn hair and cracked amulet of Phoebe Garner. That one was just whichever one fell out when you grabbed the box.Dont try to make this my fault. Youre the one doing forbidden spells. Youre the one summoning ancestors. And whatever happens with that one- Blaise pointed at the window-youre the on e responsible.She got up and move out her hair, standing tall. And thats what you get for trying to sic the spirits on me She turned and stalked out the door.I wasnt trying to sic the spirits on you Thea shouted-but the door had already slammed shut.Theas anger collapsed. Feeling numb, she looked at the overturned silver box, where she had temporarily stored the tissue with Erics blood.I was just trying to find a guardian for him. Somebody whod help him fend off your spells, whod understand that hes a person even though hes a human.She looked forlornly around the room. Then, feeling older than Gran, she struggled to her feet and started automatically cleaning up the mess.When she dumped the ashes out of the bowl she found some sort of residue sticking to the bottom. She couldnt wash it off and she couldnt pry it offwith a steak knife. She stashed the completed bowl under her bed.All the maculation she cleaned, her mind kept churning.Who got out? No way to know. Process of elimin ation wouldnt help, not with all those unmarked amulets.What to do now? She didnt know that either.If I tell anyone-even Gran-theyll want to know why I was trying to summon the dead. But if they find out the truth, it mingys devastation for me and Eric.Around sunset, a limousine pulled up in the back alley. Thea proverb it from her window and rushed downstairs in alarm.Grandma was being helped out of the car by two politely expressionless vampires. Servants of Thierrys.Gran, what happened?Nothing happened. I had a little weak spell, thats all She whacked at one of the vampires with her commodee. I can help myself, sonMaam, said the vampire-who might have been three or four times Grandmas age. To Thea, he said, Your grandmother fainted-she was pretty sick there for a while.And that good-for-nothing apprentice of mine never showed up, Gran said, making her way to the back door.Thea nodded good-bye to the vampires. Gran-it was my fault about Tobias. I let him have the twenty-four hours off. Her stomach, which had been clenched like a fist all day, seemed to draw even tighter now. Are you authentically sick?Im good for a few years yet. She began laboriously working her way up the stairs. Vampires just dont understand old age.What did you go there for?Gran stop to cough. None of your business, but I had to settle some arrangements with Thierry. Hes agreed to let the Inner Circle use his land on Samhain.Upstairs, Thea made some herb tea in the tiny kitchenette. And then, when Gran was in bed with the tea, she gathered her courage.Gran, when the elders call up the spirits on Samhain-how do they send them back? wherefore should you want to know? Gran said crossly. But when Thea just looked at her, she went on. There are certain spells that are used for summoning-and dont you ask me what they are-and you say those backwards to send them back. The witch who calls a spirit has to be the one to dismiss it.So only I can do it. And thats all? Thea asked.Oh, of course not. Its a long process of kindling the fire and scatter the herbs-but if you do it all right, you can draw the spirit down from between the standing stones and send it back where it came from. Grandma went on muttering, but Thea had snagged on a earlier phrase.From between-the standing stones ? she got out.The standing stones that encircle the spirits. Well, hark back, Thea If you didnt have a circle of some kind to hold them in, theyd just-voom. Gran made a gesture. Theyd zip out and how would you ever find them again? Thats why I went to Thierry today/ she added, taking a noisy sip of tea. We need a place where the sandstone forms a native circle and naturally its up to me to arrange everything. She went on grumbling softly.Thea felt faint.You have to be-physically close to them-to send them back?Of course. You have to be within spit out distance, And dont think I dont know why youre asking.Thea stopped breathing.Youre planning something for Samhain- and its probably all Blai ses idea. You two are like Maya and Hellewise. But you can forget about it right now- those spells are for the elders, not for girls. She stopped to cough. I dont understand why you want to be crones before youre done being maidens. You ought to enjoy your youth while you have it.Thea left her still grumbling.She hadnt cast any kind of a circle before calling the spirit. She hadnt realized she was supposed to.And now how could she ever get close enough to the spirit to send it back?Well-itll just have to stay out in the world, she told herself bravely. Too bad but its not as if there arent other spirits floating around out there. Maybe if it doesnt like roaming around, itll come back.But she was sick with guilt and disheartened. Not to mention worried-if only a little-about Grans fainting spell.Blaise didnt come to bed. She stayed downstairs and worked on her necklace long into the night.On Monday, everyone at school was talking about Randy Marik and the ruined dance. The girls were annoyed about it and roughshod with Blaise the boys were annoyed and furious with Randy.Are you okay? Dani asked Thea after world lit class. You look kind of pale.Thea smiled wanly. It was a busy weekend.Really? Did you do something with Eric? The way she said do something alerted Thea. Danis heart-shaped face looked as sweet and concerned as ever but Thea couldnt trust even her. She was a Night Person, a witch, a human-hater.It didnt matter. Thea was so edgy that the words just seemed to burst out. Do something like what? Smash his car? Turn him into a toad?Dani looked shocked, her velvet-dark eyes wide.Thea turned and walked readily away.Stupid, stupid, she told herself. That was so dumb of you. You may not have to pretend to be playing with Eric in front of Blaise anymore-but in front of the other witches youve got to keep acting.She headed almost blindly for Erics locker, ignoring the people she passed.Ive only been here a week. How can everything in my life have become so aw ful? Im at war with Blaise Ive worked a forbidden spell I dont dare talk to Gran-and Ive broken Night World law.Thea I was looking for you.It was Erics voice. Warm, eager-everything thatThea wasnt. She turned to see unfledged eyes change surface with dancing gray and an astonishing smile. A smile that drew her in, changing the world.Maybe everything was going to be all right, after all.I called you yesterday, but I just kept getting the machine.Thea hadnt even looked at the answering machine. Im sorry-there was a lot going on. Eric looked so kind that she groped for something that had been going on that she could tell him about. My grandmothers been sick. He sobered at once. Thats terrible. Yes. Thea fished in her backpack for the small herb pillow shed put there this morning. Then she hesitated. Eric is there somewhere we could go to talk alone? effective for a few minutes? I want to give you something.He blinked, then waggled his eyebrows. Nothing Id like better. And I know jus t the place. Come on. He led her across campus to a large building that stood apart from the rest of the complex. It had a shabby look and the paint on the double doors was blistered. A banner announced in orange and black letters dont miss the .ultimate Halloween political party. What is this?Eric, who was opening the door, put a finger to his lips. He glanced inside, then beckoned to her.Its the old gym. Theyre supposed to be renovating it as a student center, but there isnt enough money. He snorted. Probably because theyrespending too much on renovating downtown. Now- what was it you wanted to give me?It Thea stopped dead as she took in her surroundings. All thoughts of the herb pillow vanished. Eric- She stared around her, feeling a slow wave of sickness roil through her stomach. Is this for the Halloween party?.Yeah. They do a couple fund-raisers a semester here. This is kind of a weird one-but they did it last year and it brought in a lot.Not weird, Thea thought nu mbly. Weird doesnt startle to describe it.Half the room was empty, just scuffed hardwood floor, a broken basketball backboard, and exposed pipes in the ceiling. But the other half looked like a cross between a medieval dungeon and a casino. She walked slowly toward it, her footsteps echoing.Wooden booths of various sizes were decorated with orange and black crepe paper and fake wanderer webs. Thea read one banner after another.Fortune telling Drench a Wench Bobbing for Shrunken Heads?Its bobbing for apples really, Eric said, seeming embarrassed. And the gambling isnt real. You do it all with pixy money and exchange it for prizes.Thea couldnt stop looking at the booths. Wheel of Torture a money wheel with a silent person dressed like a witch spreadeagled in the middle. Bloody Blackjack. Devils Darts a dart game with a cork witch as a target.And there were witch figures everywhere. stuff witches on nooses hanging from the overhead pipes.Cardboard witches leering from the tops of b ooths. Paper witches dancing on the wall. They were fat, skinny, white-haired, gray-haired, cross-eyed, squint-eyed, warty, funny, scary and ugly. That was the one thing they all had in common.Thats what they think of us. Humans. All humansThea? Are you okay?Thea whirled. No, I am not okay. She gestured around the room. Will you look at this stuff? Do you really think its funny? Something to party about? Hardly aware of what she was doing, she spun him around to face The Iron Maiden-a wooden replica with rubber spikes.What are people going to do? Pay to step into that? Dont they realize that it used to be real? That real people were put in it, and that when the door closed, those spikes went into them, into their arms and their stomachs and their eyes She couldnt go on.Eric looked as stricken as Dani had earlier. Hed never seen her like this. Thea-look, Im sorry I never thoughtOr that. Thea gestured toward the Wheel of Torture, the words tumbling out. Do you know how they really put a witch on the wheel? They broke every bone in her body so they could just thread her arms and legs through the spokes like spaghetti. Then they put the wheel on a pole and left her up there to die.Erics face contracted with horror. God, TheaAnd these picturesthe witches who got tortured didnt have green skin and evil eyes. They werent monsters, and they didnt have anything to do with devils. They were people.Eric reached out for her, but she spun away, staring at a particularly ugly hag on the wall. Do you think this place is all right for a party? That this is good fun? That witches look like that? She flung out an arm, close to being hysterical. Well, do you?In her minds eye she could see the world Dani and Blaise and all other witches on the left Eric and the students here and all other humans on the right, both races hating and despising each other-and herself somewhere in the middle.Eric caught her shoulders. No, I dont think its all right. Thea, provide you just listen to m e for a second?He was almost shaking her-but she could see that there were tears forming at the corners of his eyes.I feel awful, he said. I never thought about taking this stuff seriously-and thats my own stupid fault, and I know its not an excuse. But now that you say it, I do see how terrible it is, and Im sorry. And I never should have brought you here, of all peopleThea, who had been starting to relax, stiffened again. Why me of all people? she demanded.He hesitated a moment, then met her eyes and spoke quietly. Because of your grandmas store. I mean, I know its just herbs and positive thinking- but I also, know that in the old days, there would have been somebody out there pointing a finger and calling her a witch.Thea relaxed again. It was okay for people to thinkGran was a witch-if by witch they meant someone who talked to plants and mixed up homemade hair tonic. And she couldnt disbelieve Eric, not under the intensity of those steady green eyes. But she saw an opportunity a nd seized it. Yeah, and theyd probably have burned me for giving you this present, she said, opening her hand. And youd probably have been scared or superstitious if I asked you to keep it with you all the time youd think I was putting some kind of a spell on you-I wouldnt think anything, he said firmly, taking the little green pillow from her. It smelled like fresh New Hampshire pine needles, which was what was in it-mainly. Shed also added a few protective herbs and an Ishtar crystal, a golden beryl in a star cut with thirty-three facets, carved with the name of the Babylonian mother goddess. The charm was the best she could do to help him fend off Blaises spells.I would just candy kiss it and put it my pocket and never let it out of my sight, Eric went on. And he did, stopping after the kiss to say, Mm, smells good.Thea couldnt help smiling at him. She chanced saying, Actually, its just to remind you of me.It will never leave my pocket, he said solemnly.Well, that worked out nic ely.Look, theres probably something we can do about this place, Eric said, glancing around again. The school board doesnt want any bad publicity. Why dont I run and borrow a camera from the journalism class, and we can take some pictures so people will see what we mean when we complain?Thea glanced at her watch. Why not? I think Ive already missed French.He grinned. Back in a minute.When he was gone, Thea wandered slowly among the tranquil booths, lost in her own thoughts.For a few minutes there, when I was ranting, I almost told him the truth. And then later I thought maybe hed pass judgment it all out for himself.And would that be so terrible? Hes already under sentence of death just because I love him it doesnt matter if he knows or not.But if he did know what would he say? Witches may be okay in the abstract-but does he really want one for a young woman?The only way to find out was to tell him.She leaned against a ladder and gazed sightlessly at an oilcloth lying beneath a ha nging noose. Of course, it was probably all academician anyway. What kind of future could they possibly have ?Suddenly Thea realized what she was looking at.Underneath that oilcloth was a shoe-and the shoe was connected to something. Subconsciously, shed been assuming it was another witch dummy but now she focused. And she felt the hairs on her arms lift and tingle.Why would they dress a witch in black Nike high-tops?

Study Guide for Final Exam – Criminal Law

Concepts of Criminal Law AJ-320 Study Guide Final Exam generalise rules relating to self vindication, when can force be used, how much? examine a perfect or imperfect defense. Understand affirmative defenses and burden of proof. Understand imminent danger. Understand the Castle doctrine. Understand defense of the cartilage. Understand the Choice of Evils (general principle of necessity) defense and when it can be used. Understand the consent defense. Understand the irresistible impulse rule.Understand the diminished capacity defense. Understand the juvenile court waiver. Understand the entrapment defense. Understand the concept of complicity. Understand the elements of being an accomplice. Understand the differences between the common law and modern approaches. Understand the concept of accessory-after-the-fact. Understand what vicarious liability is based on. Understand what a strict liability crime involves. Understand what traditional parental responsibility is based on.What a re incipient crimes? How was common law attempt recognized? What are the elements of the Model Penal Code approach to an attempt? Understand the difference between legal and real impossibility. What is the unilateral approach to modern conspiracy statutes? How does a party abandon an attempt? Understand the difference between a wheel and chain conspiracy. Which was the set-back state (1794) to split murder into two degrees? Which early common law, which felons were subjected to the death penalty?What is bifurcation as it relates to capital homicide cases? What is the objective reasonable person test in voluntary manslaughter? Understand the differences between voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. What are the elements of a criminal homicide? What is the most famous case relating to Corporate Homicide? Know the following cases domain v. Harold Fish (2009), People v. John Gray et al. (1991, People v. Goetz (1986), State v. Thomas (1997) Read the glossaries for Chapters Five thr ough Nine.

Nutrition programs Essay

Traditionally, provisions programs were targeted to the indigent and poor populations in developing countries. Many of todays Americans are undernourish overly, but they are inundated with unhealthy foods and require a multidisciplinary approach to nutrition education. What would be the three most important points to include in a public nutrition program? Provide current literature to support your answer and include two nutritional education community resources.AnswerAlthough we already know it is essential to eat a healthy diet, we may find it more challenging to sort through all of the information about nutrition and food choices. Nutrition is the provision to cells and organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Healthy eating helpers prevent high cholesterol and high blood pressure and helps mortify the risk of developing chronic unhealthinesss such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Many people today in America are malnourished and it is mostly collectable to indulging in unhealthy/poor dietary intake. These problems can be controlled by utilizing a multidisciplinary approach to public education.The doctors, social workers, nurses, dieticians and other health educators voluminous in health promotion should all have a part in ensuring and promoting healthy dietary intake with appropriate food portions and increasing visible activity. The three most important points to include in a public nutrition program are (a) the relationship between food choices and chronic disease such as high blood pressure (high salt intake), high lipids (high fat intake), obesity/diabetes (high sugar/carb intake/low activity) and much more.Educating the public on how to use natural herbs/ seasonings, or salt substitute, reading labels for nutritional contents and ingredients and eating low carb food are all vital factors to know. It is also really important to increase your physical activity daily. Another important point to in clude is (b) the nutritional assessment. Individuals need to be assessed for their nutritional status and risk. This will help to tailor the food packages, design appropriate nutritional education and make referrals to health and social services (USDA, 2015). The next would bethe nutrition for mothers and children in regards to lactation counselling and school lunch programs. Newborn maternal nursing along with childrens nutrition is also a very important point to address. at that place are a lot of mother/baby classes in the community to help promote breastfeeding, infant meals, and children lunch box ideas.Schools are also in a unique position to promote healthy eating and help ensure appropriate food and nutrient intake among students. There are many nutritional education community resources that helps families in America to improve their nutritional status. They are (A) MyPlate Program This was created by Michelle Obama in 2011 to serve as a proctor for people to create/make healthier food choices. It put emphasis on eating lots of fruits, grains, vegetables, protein foods and dietary foods. (B) The woman, infant and children program (WIC) This program pay heed pregnant women, new moms and young children obtain and eat healthy foods. Qualified individuals can only purchase healthy food items. Nutritional education is also provided for qualified individuals at no cost to them.ReferencesMyPlate, 2015. Retrieved from http//www.choosemyplate.gov/myplateWIC Program Nutrition Education Guidance, 2006.Retrieved from http//www.nal.usda.gov/wicworks/learning_Center/ntredguidance.pdfEdelman, C.L., Kudzman, E, C., Mandel, C. L., (2014). Health promotion throughout the Lifespan. St. Louis Elsevier.

Why Nations Go To War

WHY NATIONS GO TO WAR is a unique book and a product of reflection by author, Dr. John G. Stoessinger. First published in 1978, its Eleventh Edition with additions came aside in 2010. It is built around ten baptistery studies, culminating in the new wars that ushered in the twenty-first century Iraq, Afghanistan, and the wars between Arabs and Israelis in Gaza and in Lebanon. In the book he analyses the most all-important(prenominal) military conflicts of the twentieth century First knowledge domain War, operation Barbarossa, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the war in Yugoslavia, the India-Pakistan conflict etc.The distinguishing feature of the book is the authors emphasis on the pivotal fibre of the personalities of leading who take their nations, or their following, across the threshold into war. Thus this book transmits an understanding of warfare from World War I to the present century. Dr. Stoessinger believes that the war is neither impersonal, nor inevitable, reason th at the responsibility for a war doesnt lie solely with certain events, because everything is, in fact, about the decisions that hefty deal make.He argues that many a(prenominal) conflicts could arrive been avoided without the use of force or without difference to war. Dr. John G. Stoessinger attended college at Grinnell College in Iowa as an undergraduate and completed his Ph. D. in International Relations at Harvard. He has taught at several universities including Harvard, MIT, Columbia, Princeton, and the University of San Diego, where he is accreditedly a Distinguished Professor of Global Diplomacy. In addition to his teaching career, Dr. Stoessinger has also led the International Seminar on International Relations at Harvard in 1969.He was also the keynote speaker at the World Congress of Junior Chamber International during their fiftieth anniversary event in Kobe, Japan. Dr. Stoessinger has written ten books on international relations and was awarded the Bancroft Prize f or The Might of Nations World Politics in Our Time. He has served as the book review editor of irrelevant Affairs, acting director of the Political Affairs Division of the United Nations, and is a member of the Council of Foreign Relations. He has been included in Whos Who in the States and Whos Who in the World. Dr.Stoessinger is notable for his individual analyses of war, contrasted with the systemic views more commonly studied by semipolitical scientists after the Second World War. Stoessinger was only a child when Adolf Hitler invaded his home of Austria in order to obtain Anschluss. As a Jewish family, they needed to escape from the Nazis. They received a visa to Shanghai, China from Chiune Sugihara, a Japanese diplomat who helped thousands of Jews escape from the Nazis. These were the beginnings that shaped Dr. Stoessingers world view and interest in WHY NATIONS GO TO WAR.In the books introduction, Dr. Stoessinger tells how, when he was a student, he was always dissatisfied with the explanations found in history books regarding wars nationalism, militarism, alliance systems, economic factors and other fundamental causes that, according to him, couldnt be directly united to the precise moment of a wars beginning. He argues that these fundamental causes of wars throughout history are those forces that bulk apparently dont control, although it is people who lie at the base of a conflict.In analyzing the 10 conflicts presented in the book, Dr. Stoessinger searches for the moment of equity, the one in which the leaders take the fatal step towards the war, and he wonders in which precise moment the decision to go to war becomes irreversible, who takes responsibility for it and if the disasters could slang been avoided. Dr. Stoessinger has set up his book to look at the events that led to peculiar(prenominal) wars of the twentieth century and then drawing parallels between the different wars that might not have been apparent or obvious at the times of th e mingled conflicts.The book closely examines each war or group of wars in individual chapters arranged in a near chronological order with a conclusion chapter that pulls from all of the conflicts previously presented. This approach is very vigorous organized and helps the reader to follow the evolution of war styles. The books first chapter is consecrate to World War I and is expressively entitled The Iron Dice, referring to the famous words spoken on August 1st by German premier Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg If the iron dice must roll, may divinity fudge help usIn general, because of the history taught in schools or because of popular history books, most people consider that the so-called fundamental causes of World War I are the deteriorating balance of indicator in Europe and the new competitive alliances, the arms race, Germanys militarism and her claims regarding a larger colonial empire etc. Loyal to his theory, Stoessinger ignores these causes and chooses to analyze the leaders actions in the wars eve. According to the author, all of the political leaders involved were aware of the wars inevitability and, in spite of this, they couldnt stop it.More than once, these leaders have denied their responsibility, placing it in the hands of God or destiny. But it wasnt God who could control the evolution of events and stop the war, was he? Dr. Stoessingers main theory is that the events werent, in fact, incontrollable and that it was the people who made the essential decisions. And these people werent some evil leaders with a thirst for blood and destruction (how the Kaiser is so often portrayed), just worried people stuck privileged their own illusions.Stoessinger believes that the crucial events that pushed the European countries to war were the following 1) The pledge that Germany made to Austria-Hungary regarding her policy towards Serbia 2) The ultimatum Vienna gave to Serbia and its rejection by the Serbs 3) The German efforts to mediate the confl ict and tame Austria 4) At last, the declaration of war made by Germany against Russia and the invasion of Luxembourg and Belgium. In the first section of his novel, The Iron Dice The causes of WW1, Stoessinger offer an alternative explanation of the causes of World War I, one that includes human reactions and feelings.He says The notion that WW1 is beyond mens control is wrong Mortals made these decisions. They made them in fear and in trembling but they made them nonetheless. In most cases, the decision makers were not evil people bent on destruction but were frightened and entrapped by self-delusion. They based their policies on fears, not facts, and were singularly devoid of empathy. Mis erudition, rather than conscious evil design, appears to have been the leading villain in the drama. Although Dr. Stoessingers essay is well thought out and well written, It is hard to agree to the thesis completely.It seems that all the European countries had good reasons for abstracted a war as well. Serbia was right in wanting to expand, Austria in wanting to survive. Germany was right in fearing isolation, Great Britain in fearing German power. All these countries needed to wage war since the balance of power was no longer balanced. All of these countries had good motives for a war, therefore, it is illogical to place the blame just upon the leaders of those countries, rather than analyzing the circumstances that made the countries want to wage war.As much as we would all equivalent things to be simple, they are not. Finding a couple of unfortunate leaders in power guilty seems to be the easiest solution. However, the truth is just not that simple. The truth is that everyone was to blame, the circumstances that created the need for war, the short war illusion that everyone entertained, and the governments who felt the need for a war. The responsibility of preventing World War One rests not solely upon the shoulders of a few selected individuals. However that is the theory maintained by Dr. Stoessinger throughout the book.The distinguishing feature of the text throughout the book remains the authors emphasis on the pivotal office staff of the personalities of leaders who take their nations or their following across the threshold into war. Most statesmen who made the crucial decisions behaved like fatalists. The terrible denouement was foreseen, but couldnt been prevented. Historians have been affect by this fatalistic attitude (events passing beyond mens control). Stoessingers view is that this is wrong mortals made decisions basing their policies on fear, not facts. Stoessinger views the World War I as preventable.The perception of statesmen and generals were absolutely crucial. Following dimensions of this phenomenon 1. A LEADERS PERCEPTION OF HIMSELF 2. HIS PERCEPTION OF HIS ADVERSARYS CHARACTER 3. HIS PERCEPTION OF HIS ADVERSARYS INTENTIONS 4. HIS PERCEPTIONS OF HIS ADVERSARYS POWER AND CAPABILITIES 5. HIS CAPACITY FOR EMPATHY WITH HIS AD VERSARY Most leaders proverb themselves as stronger than they really were and their adversaries as weaker than they really were. These misperceptions led directly to distorted perceptions of adversarial intentions which then precipitated vigorously into all out war.If the leaders of the various nations involved would have viewed humankind rather than their own distorted misperceptions, it may have been possible to avoid conflict on such a massive scale or even avoid war altogether. This seems to be a recurring theme throughout the book. One of the important theories attributed to Stoessinger is the theory of perceptions. Stoessinger believes that, in the eve of major conflicts, many of the political leaders involved have misjudged the situation and have thus led their countries to war.These false perceptions manifest on 4 levels firstly, a false perception regarding the leaders own person, of their role in the world and of their loyalty towards the possible outcome of the conflic t. The second level regards the opponent and often includes demonizing his image and the unfitness to objectively understand a situation. On the third level, we are dealing with the misperception of the opponents intentions and, on the fourth level, with misjudging the opponents abilities.Stoessinger has empha coatd the greatness of the political leaders personalities and the fundamental part they play in the evolution of international relations. The second chapter discusses Hitler and his invasion of Russia in 1941. Again, misperceptions played a key role in the events that unfolded. This time, more emphasis was put on the character of the aggressor and his adversary. Hitler essentially had a one track mind. He decided to attack and eat up the Russian people and paid no attention to the lessons learned by Napoleon when he had attempted to conquer Russia.Hitler was convinced that it would be a quick and easy achievement. Stalin, on the other hand, believed that since they had pre viously been allies, Hitler would not invade Russia. Stalin continuously ignored intelligence that came from British and American sources, including eighty-four warnings in the year introductory the attack, because he was suspicious of Anglo-American motives. He preferred to place his trust in Hitler, a fellow dictator. In the end, Hitler invaded Russia and had misjudged the Russian people.They were fighting for their very existence which is credibly the most powerful motivation ever. He had failed to plan for the Russian winter because he thought it would be a quick and easy victory, and ended up losing many men to cold and starvation, much as Napoleon had previously. Stalin had placed his trust in the wrong entity and was greatly disillusioned and was unprepared for the attack when it came. Again, the misperceptions of the leaders involved ended in a great loss of life. The third chapter deals with the Korean War and misperceptions of a different sort.In the later stages of the w ar, after the North Koreans were dictated back to the 38th parallel, General Douglas MacArthur went beyond the original scope of the police action by driving toward Chinese border along the Yalu River. This move make China and brought them into the conflict. MacArthur did not believe that the Chinese army would be strong and thought he could achieve an easy victory. He ignored intelligence that told him the size of the Chinese army and chose to believe that it was smaller than it really was.His hubris added two years to the war and cost 34,000 additional American lives. Had he chosen to listen to reality instead of his own misperceptions, many lives could have been saved. The Vietnam War was full of misperceptions as well. One of the biggest misperceptions would be the type of war being fought. The United States was fighting against communism, succession the Vietnamese were fighting against imperialism and colonialism and to protect their way of life. Had the United States never entered Vietnam, communism would have taken over earlier, and with fewer human lives wasted.In 1978, the Vietnamese communists invaded Cambodia to put a stop to the communist regime of Pol Pot and the killing fields. Had the United States been open-minded enough to see that there were distinctions between types of communists, perhaps we would never have participated in the conflict. Dr. Stoessinger continues through several other wars including Milosevics ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia, the battles between India and Pakistan, the Arab-Israeli conflicts, Saddam Husseins wars in Iran and Kuwait and the current American wars in Iraq and Afghanistan after the tragedy of 9/11.Dr. Stoessinger summarizes the book in the final chapter. Here he reiterates his thoughts that the case material reveals that perhaps the most important single precipitating factor in the outbreak of war is misperception. He also restates the dimensions of misperception and gives each one special attention. In rega rds to the view that there is a misperception in a leaders self-view, Stoessinger notes that there is remarkable consistency in the self-images of most national leaders on the brink of war.Each confidently expects victory after a brief and triumphant campaign. He also states that leaders on all sides typically harbor self-delusions on the eve of war. Stoessinger also discusses the idea that a leaders misperception of his adversarys power is perhaps the quintessential cause of war. It is vital to remember, however that it is not the actual distribution of power that precipitates a war it is the way in which a leader thinks that power is distributed.Dr. Stoessinger uses many primary sources for his information including newspapers, documents, reports, and first-hand accounts. He also uses many secondary sources including books by other authors well-versed in the conflicts being discussed. It is very apparent that a lot of thought and research has gone into the creation of this book. The index is very complete and the bibliographies at the end of each chapter make it easy to find more information on the conflict at hand.I believe that this book has a lot of historic worth since it pulls from so many valid sources. It presents straightforward and factual information with knowledgeable interpretations of the information. I believe that Dr. Stoessinger has successfully accomplished what he has set out to do. I would recommend the book to others if they are looking for interpretations of war and how they begin. The book was interesting, though it could be a little dry at times to someone who is not well-versed in modern and contemporary history.

Policing Paper

Policing Paper Tyrone L. Sterling University of Phoenix Survey of Justice and Security AJS/502 Dr. Pamela Knothe June 14, 2012 Policing Paper The City of loot has adopted a new tool to use against fighting crime. This is what is known as the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS). Many people have never heard of the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS). The Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy came about in April 1993 and was kickoff implemented in five of the 25 police districts in Chicago. Rogers Park, Morgan Park, Austin, Marquette, and Englewood were the first locations of the CAPS Program.The reasons these locations were picked was determined by their crime problems, economics, demographics, and their levels of society organization. In 1994 the other 20 districts of Chicago were participants of the CAPS Program. Outreaching is always a very important goal when thither is a merger of organizations. In this case it is collaboration between a community and law enf orcement (Chicago Police department) agencies. The benefits of incorporating this idea could include (but not limited to) the sharing of information, and cast up trust between parties hat were involved or mainly working together to prevent crimes from taking place.One key point that makes the CAPS a unique political platform is that it places the community, the police, and other city agencies on the same sheet of music in protect their neighborhoods against crime. In law enforcement it is always better to be proactive than reactive, and develop additional support always give him or her the upper hand. Crime prevention at the neighborhood level is effective because the use of new engine room to help police and residents target crime hot spots. More efficient use of city services that affects crime, extensive training for both police and ommunity, neighborhood-based quiver officers and regular beat community meetings involving police and residents. One main goals of the CAPS prog ram is to implement successful and effective way to make neighborhoods safer by improving the tonus of life. With the United States the CAPS program has been recognized as one effective and proactive means of police and community conflict in the fight against crime. In resemblance to functions of patrol, crime investigation, emergency, and critical incident response and future trends of the CAPS program.One key point of functions of patrolling could be the proactive vigilance of the community (individual neighborhoods) in taking preventive measures in developing an increase of their crime rates. Crime investigations are still the sole responsibility of the Chicago police department however, it is always easier to investigate crimes when he or she does have the support of the community backing him or her up. This has proven to be very effective means of adding in investigations, instead of the community not absentminded to get involve, like it was in the past.With relation to emer gency and critical incident response, there have been positive comments that have been said about the CAPS program involvement in reporting certain situations. It is hard to predict the future brings for the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Program. Observing past trends from when the program was first started, one could rede how crime has gone down, the community has gotten more involve in the prevention of crimes in their neighborhoods. Above all the CAPS program has been identified as one of the outflank programs in the United States in community and police collaboration.I know with any new program, there are budget stipulations. However, because this program has had positive reviews and comments, I return funding may not be an issue. In conclusion, the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Program was explained as well as the origin. It was also noted when and to a higher place all why it was incorporated. There are ongoing discussions of how private secur ity agencies and policing work together. There are few (if any) discussions of the role that a particular community and policing affect each other.In this instance the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Program should be followed and modeled in communities across the nation. In looking at the pros and cons of the CAPS Program, there are far many pros that outweigh the cons. In fact that alone shows the effectiveness of the program. For any other community, district, city, or metropolitan area this program should be the basis of law enforcement and community collaboration. Reference https//portal. chicagopolice. org/portal/page/portal/ClearPath/Get%20Involved/How%20CAPS%20works/What%20is%20CAPS

Weight Management Regular Exercise Health And Social Care Essay

The chief purpose of intervention for Type II diabetes is to cut down the high melodic line glucose tips. Proper exercising and diet atomic number 18 the major intervention options for type II diabetes. Some of the basic diabetes direction accomplishments that have to be learnt include proving and immersion the o kioskus glucose, what has to be taken in nutrient, clip to take nutrient, how to utilize the doses or medicines, method to place the presence of low blood sugar or high blood sugar and handling them, ways to manage ill period, and manner to purchase the diabetes supplies and hive awaying them.Pull offing the blood sugar way self-testing the blood sugar at the place itself. Checking the blood sugar degrees one time or twice per twenty-four hours and observing them down will promote the patient to pull off diabetes good. The wellness attention supplier will be sufficient to put up a place testing agendum and the ends for blood sugar proving can be set by the indivi dual with the aid of the physician.Weight direction and regular exercisingIf the blood sugar degrees are regulated decently, consider intoing their degrees for a few times in a hebdomad is sufficient. It is of import to look into the sugar degrees in the blood when you wake up, before the repasts and before change of location to bed. The individual has to prove blood sugar degrees when he/she is under emphasis or when the individual is ill. The trial consequences might be utilized for altering the activity, repasts and medicines and foreclose the sugar degrees in the blood in the right scope. Testing the blood will assist placing low and high blood sugar degrees prior to all serious complication or job.It is of import for the type II diabetic to work with the physician to repair the sum of proteins, fats and saccharides that should be added to the diet. To command extra weigh, t the patients are suggested to undergo stomachic beltway surgery or laparoscopic stomachic stria. Regu lar exercising that helps in heightening the bosom round will be able to cut down the blood sugar degrees in the absence of the medicines.Medicines used for handling the DiabetessIf exercising and diet are non able to assist the type II diabetic to convey the blood sugar degrees to normal so the physician might assist in proposing medicines. Some of the medicines that can take down the blood sugar degrees are discussed here under.MetforminMetformin is one of the biguanide medicines and is helpful in cut kill the blood glucose degrees by diminishing the measure of glucose released by the liver into the blood. This drug is besides known to be heightening the organic structure cell sensitiveness to insulin. The research has revealed that this drug will assist in cut downing the hazard of bosom onslaughts and shot. If the control of diabetes was non possible through lifestyle alterations so the first tablet that is suggested is metformin. Metformin might do mild diarrhoeas and cause i llness.Sulphonylurea drugsSome of the Sulphonylurea drugs are used for the intervention of type II diabetes. They include glimepiride, gliclazide and Glucotrol. These drugs map by heightening the insulin degrees secreted by the pancreas. The type II diabetes patients will non bring forth sufficient insulin that is utile for maintaining the normal blood glucose degrees. These drugs are normally used when the individual is non fleshy and have some jobs with Glucophage. Sulphonylurea drugs might do hypoglycemia as they are responsible for exciting the insulin release.Nateglinide and RepaglinideThese medicines are similar to the Sulphonylurea drugs in their map. A individual dosage of these drugs will raise the insulin degrees while the dose consequence will non tour for long period. The individual dosage is normally taken merely prior to the repasts. The side effects of these drugs include hypoglycemia and addition in weight.Dipeptidyl protease 4 inhibitorsDPP4 or dipeptidyl protease 4 is the enzyme that digests the endocrines into incretins. There are 2 types of this enzyme called sitagliptine and vildagliptin. When the intestine encounters the nutrient, it produces certain substances called incretins. These medicines decrease the blood glucose degrees by increasing the incretin effects as these chemicals finish the operation of the DPP4 enzyme. Flatulence and feeling ailment are some of the rare side effects of this enzyme.ThiazolidinedioneThese group of drugs besides increase the organic structure cell sensitiveness towards insulin. Thiazolidinediones are non prescribed entirely. They are given along with Sulphonylurea or Glucophage. The patients who had bosom failure can non take these drugs.AcarboseThis drug will work by decelerating down the saccharide soaking up into the GI piece of land. Hence, this drug will be able to diminish the glucose degrees in the blood that reaches peak degree after the repasts. This drug is preferred to be used along with othe r blood glucose cut downing medicines to give proper response, in instance the particular proposition consequence has non resulted from other tablets. This drug might do certain side effects like diarrhoea, air current and bloating.InsulinThe glucose degrees in the blood are bring down with the aid of insulin. Some type II diabetic patients would necessitate insulin if the blood glucose degrees are non regulated efficaciously by the other tablets. Insulin can either be used unaided or in combination with other medicines depending on the necessity. The disposal of insulin, the clip of disposal, dose and the method of administrating will be taught to the patient by the concerned physician or nurse. The common side consequence that is seen in the instance of insulin consumption is gain in weight.ExenatideThis medicine is administered in the signifier of injection. This drug works similar to the natural endocrine glucagon like peptide-1. This drug triggers the release of insulin in the presence of glucose and stops the release of glucagon after the repasts. Exenatide is the drug that is used in the topographic point of insulin largely in corpulent people.Tags Type 2 diabetes intervention, intervention methods for type 2 diabetes, diabetes type2 intervention, intervention for type2 diabetics.

American Involvement in Somalia

This is a continuation of my research into the American involvement in the Somali civil fight between 1992 and 1994. This paper will attempt to fit the historical data into roughly of the various ideas regularise forth in the Kriesberg view as, though, unfortunately, the war did not historic onlyy develop in the same way that the book might describe due to the complete unsuccessful person of the mission and the brief time of actual American combat. Nevertheless, Kriesberg will hand over a useful theoretical starting point to beneathstand this conflict and its final lack of resolution. The civil war that the US was supposed to stop continues without resolution to this very day.1. Escalating the war took ship in three rapid stages. All of these were American led operations, though under the cover of UN Resolutions which seemed to provide some kind of a moral stamp on the operation. The three stages were all complete failures from any c erstwhileivable point of view. Conventi onally, they are called, in order UNOSOM I, UNITAF and finally, UNISOM II, which was finally terminated in 1994 (Lyons, 1995, 39). All of these acronyms attention either UN or US projects in Somalia. The first, in 1992, proverb the deployment of only a handful of peace detentioners once most of the factions in the pastoral agreed to some kind of mediation.But as soon as the kibibyte total of 50 men landed, the factions refused any kind of negotiation and immediately resumed bit. UNOSOM I was considered a drab joke at best. However, the US took over operations a brief time later under UNITAF, which was basically an American controlled operation. In early 1993, the US sought to intervene under the cover of some(prenominal) UN diplomacy and under the idea of humanitarian intervention, a concept where the nation intervening does not move over any authoritative political capital to gain, but is intervening to save lives and avert famine.But the reality is that the US was interest ed in controlling Somalia for one reason to keep it from falling into the hands of the Islamic drift of world(a) Mohammed Farah Aidid (Lyons, 1995, 39-42). Aidid very quickly succeeded in making himself the most powerful faction leader in Somalia, and in his turn, made himself the anti-American and anti-Israeli leader in the war, holding to a semi-communist kind of Islam that sided with Sudan and, to some extent, Syria in the middle east (Schultz, 2006, 92-94). Aidid a equal condemned American involvement in the Iraq war.Hence, very quickly, the Clinton administration dropped both te UN and the humanitarian cover and sought to capture Aidid at all costs. Aidid was a threat to both US and Israeli interests for several reasons, dealt with in detail in the death paper first, Somalia is an oil-rich state, second, it helps control access to the loss Sea, and third, it controls access, to some extent, to the equally oil-rich state of Sudan, where occidental backed rebels in oil rich Darfur are fighting the Islamic state of Omar Bashir (Kreitzman, 2006).Hence, Somalia was considered a strategical country on all counts. The American constrict was fought to a draw by Aidids forces in the famed 1993 Battle of Mogadishu. It was not gigantic after that that both UNITAF and UNOSOM II, engaged in at the same time, withdrew its forces from Somalia. 2. There was an US brokered attempt to create a matching faction against Aidid in Ethiopia (then a pro-US power in the region), but negotiations quickly broke d take in (Lyons, 1995, 40-41 overly 45). But this is where the American failure can be more closely analyzed.First of all, the Americans glide slopeed negotiations as a purely zero-sum game (Kriesberg, 2006, 273). The point of negotiations in 1993 was not to end the war, but to escalate with, with a strongly western backed coalition against Aidid. Since there was no real understanding of the ideas of all factions, political or religious, the US also, secondly, stereotyped its opponents the Muslims were evil, foul and, worse, anti-Israel, and the others were secular and progressive (Kreisberg, 2006, 280).Hence, both due to the zero-sum question as well as stereotyping, the US could not successfully operate on Somali territory, even if the number of soldiers escalated higher. The zero-sum aspect of this is also connected to what Kriesberg calls cognitive dissonance in warfarethat is, an intervening party must convince themselves that the ordained reason that one is intervening is the real one (Kreisberg, 2006, 157). Of course, no serious person could possible deplume that off, and hence, there was a schism in the mentality of the intervention from day one.Since the real employment idler US intervention was to install a secular government friendly to American interests, and the humanitarian grandiosity went out the window at an early date once Aidid became powerful and popular, the official purpose and the real purpose of the interventi on became an open secret early on. This could only hamper American efforts. As General Montgomery pointed out, the issuance of UN Security Council Resolution 814, with tacit U. S. support, understandably changed the mission. For us there was no such(prenominal) thing as mission creep, he pointed out, because it was very clear at the outset what we were supposed to do. mend the resolution was unrealistic and overly ambitious, General Montgomery insisted the taskings in it were clear enough (Hoffman 2004). Nothing could be further from the truth. If anything, mission creep was the order of the day. Directives from Washington differed from directives from the UN. Washington wanted Aidid, while the UN wanted some kind of humanitarian action. But this is not atypical from upper brass in the military establishment, as much a political position as a military one.Ultimately, there was a looking resolution of the problem by saying that the reason the humanitarian incident occurred was tha t Aidid made sure the victuals aid did not get to the people. This assertion has no evidence to underscore it. But even more, the US got involved in an obscure part of the world for oil and Israeli interests. The US had no real comprehension of the religion and culture of either the Islamic or Christian Somalis. The US, as mentioned in the last paper, failed miserably in the propaganda war once Aidid made it clear that the US was an invading and imperial force working at the behest of wealth and power.This set of ideas helped bring Somalis to his side, and made the US look bad. But American ignorance of the real situation and the perception of US interests among the common population ultimately forced the withdrawal of all troops by 1994 with little having been done. 3. The consequences of this intervention were absolutely disastrous. Since 1992, roughly 1. 2 million Somalis grant garbled their lives. Starvation is the order of the day, and the war continues without abatement. A idid himself was killed in a gun battle in 1996, yet his feat remains strong.But more abstractly, there are indirect consequences. First, the US realized that any serious fealty needed a large number of troops with strong air support. Second, the approbation of the UN, while having no military value, has a strong degree of moral value. Third, Americans are not interested in long term warfare, unless a major event can take place where Americans are killed. Hence, 9/11 gave both the US and the Israelis a green light to take care of their political problems with little side effect (at least in the short run). Fourth, there needs to be a constant threat to keep Americans interested.Since Somalis did not threaten Americans, it was very difficult to maintain American interest or support. But constructing an omnipresent web of Islamic terror cells might keep Americans interested. In reality however, none of these lessons were truly learned, and the realist approach to intervention still maintains itself the US will intervene whenever its financial interests are concerned, which includes protecting the hated state of Israel at all costs to her prestige or credibility. Even more, the UN ended up looking like a paper tiger, a tool of US interests and without a clear agenda of its own.It was a disaster in every significant way. 4. The sort of warfare one is looking at in Somalia is clearly zero-sum. The US intervened solely out of an interest in African oil and the control of access to the strategic Red Sea. The failed negotiations in Ethiopia produced no results because of American ignorance and the refusal of US negotiators to permit Aidid to have any say in the matter. Hence, it became officially clear (contra the words of General Montgomery above) that the real purpose of the mission was to keep Aidid by from power at all costs.But in rejecting the most popular and powerful faction in the country and trying to cobble together a coalition of small and non-ideolog ical factions led to complete disaster, and American word of honor completely failed to figure out who was who, and who wanted what (Razack, 2004, 44). The US failed due to the social psychological atmosphere that they themselves created (Kriesberg, 2006, 147). Aidid saw through the American purpose from the outset, which permitted him to construct an Islamic nationalist base that proved very popular. That was a nut that the semi-committed Clinton administration could not understand or crack.Furthermore, organizational structure of Aidids forces also changed (Kriesberg, 2006,158). As he became more and more popular, it became clear that his organization became more powerful, regularized and disciplined. As mentioned in the last paper, Aidid began providing his own social services, paving roads and even contemplated minting his own currency, all of which the US was determined to supplant, apparently on humanitarian grounds. 5. In Conclusion, Kriesberg can help us understand the wa r in Somalia and the American failure in several ways. First, the US stereotyped its enemy and the Islamic world in general.Second, it approached the war as a zero-sum game, with everything on the secular warlords and nothing on Aidid. Instead of talking with him and respecting his popularity, the US attempted to destroy his very base of power and his functioning administration (Lyons disagrees with this, and claims the US did briefly negotiate with Aidid, pp 43, but it went nowhere). Third, the US entered this war without any real understanding of the mentality of third world people in an poverty-stricken state. Like in Iraq, it was assumed that the US would be greeted as peacekeepers. Instead, they were greeted as occupiers (Razack, 2004, 10-11).Fourth, the US did not have a clear sense of mission. While official sources held that the mission was truly humanitarian, from the outset it was clear that the purpose was to keep Aidid and all like him from power and make certain a pro- US leader was installed in this strategic country. Aidid, a man of great military and political talent, took advantage of all these failures to eventually drive the US out of Somalia. Bibliography Hoffman, Frank (2004). One Decade Later Debacle in Somalia. The Proceedings of the Naval bring in. January. (www. military. org) Kriesberg, L.(2006). formative Conflicts. Rowman and Littlefield. Kretzman, Steve (2003). Oil Security, War and the Geopolitics of United States Energy Planning. Multinational Monitor, Jan/Feb. Lyons, Terrence (1995) Somalia State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention and Strategies for Political Reconstruction. Brookings Institute Razack, Sherlene (2004). Dark Threats and White Knights The Somalia Affair Peacekeeping and the New Imperialism. University of Toronto Press Shultz, Richard (2006) Insurgents, terrorists and Militias The Warriors of Contemporary Combat. Columbia University Press

Tattos

English 105 Instructor Jim Higuera Tattoos A stain is a mark (a individual or a part of the body) with an indelible design by inserting pigment into punctures in the skin. There is so many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) opinion and arguments upon tattoos. Yes tattoo is permanent life can change, and so can your tastes. The thing is, approximately of those things can be changed, except a tattoo cant. Yes I do learn tattoos hardly each tattoo has a special meaning I wouldnt cling a emaciated thing tag on me for life it has everyone gets a certain tattoo for they own personal reasons.I distinguish my tattoos ( I have 6 myself) but before you get any, you need to th sign ab appear the position that acquiring a tattoo is a big deal. It strength come out looking terrible, you might hate it, you might be allergic to the ink they use, your p bents may never speak to you again, you may fetch unemployable (depending on what you get & where) & YOU WILL HAVE IT FOREVER. Unless you ca n afford laser removal which, I understand, is very expensive. There atomic number 18 lots of good reasons for getting a tattoo. There are also a lot of bad ones.For example you want to piss off your parents, you want to look tough, totally your friends have them and you feel left out. You want to profess your undying love to your significant opposite with ink on your skin. You want to be cool. Youre drunk. Your friend needs almostone to practice on etcetera. I have seen so many bad tattoos so bad they make me cringe when I conjecture about them. I know a guy who went somewhere cheap to get it done he went to a guy who did tattoos at his house and he ended up with a tattoo that is stooping and not dark enough. The point is its so embarrassing and a waste of money.My point is, getting a tattoo which doesnt suck isnt that easy. The proliferation of ugly tattoos on the shoulders of the great unwashed is proof of that. These years tattoos are more common than ever. Tattoos have grown in popularity quite a bit over the years, giving people the ability to stand out and display their individuality. Both men and women both have them on display some with them covering the whole body The choice is totally up to you, of course, as you can get a tattoo in virtually any size you want. Most of the oecumenic ordinary who get tattoos get them for the symbolic value.Of course, some get them as part of a trend, but such people usually end up regretting their tattoo later on in life. Tattoos are great for showing off, though this depends a lot on the pattern of course. There are a variety of motifs and colors to take your pick from, which adds to the positive benefits you can get from your tattoo. You can check out the many different designs at your tattoo parlor or through magazines, or over the network. The Internet in accompaniment can yield an intense supply of tattoo patterns, as there are literally thousands to look at.You can also look at pictures of those w ho have been tattooed already, so as to get an idea as to what a particular style will look like, once it has been finished. Why do we get a tattoo when we know that although tattoos can be removed by lasers, surgery and early(a) methods, they are altogether permanent. Many people have very distinctive reasons for these lifelong marks and some even have stories attached to every one One plain reason for a veritable(prenominal) tattoo is just for looks. The tattoo may be one that resembles anformer(a) seen on a public figure.It may also be a reach detail that is merely pleasing to the eye. Maybe the tattoo has bright colors or neat shapes. Aesthetics are one typical reason for many tattoos. Another rationalization why one might get a tattoo is as a memorial. Friends and family who may have passed away are often memorialized with tattoos. These memorial tattoos are also often created in the memory of a particular public figure or celebrity. These might be designed with flowers, cro sses and other shapes and dates of birth, names and death dates.They might cost specific sayings that were grand to the deceased. They may also involve mixed tattoos that have been copied from an actual photograph. These might be designed with flowers, crosses and other shapes and dates of birth, names and death dates. They might embody specific sayings that were important to the deceased. They may also involve complicated tattoos that have been copied from an actual photograph. Very many individuals will get tattoos designed to commemorate specific events experienced during their lifetimes.Achievements, difficult times and other unique(p) events are usually displayed as a lifetime reminder of a significant time in ones life. Tattoos also represent spiritual status for some cultures. They can also sometimes be a symbol for social ranking. Some social groups are known for particular tattoos which would require a share to display the same. Others are known for having tattoos in g eneral, the designs being unimportant. Expressing individuality and personality are often the reasons for getting a tattoo. If an individual likes butterflies, they might get a single tattoo or multiple tattoos flaunting butterflies.If someone else enjoys a particular field in which they worked, they may have tattoos representing what they do for a living. There are other ways to pore over expressing individuality around tattoos, however. Numerous tattoos are designed to study heritage. Ancient designs that are associated with the history of some cultures are routinely displayed on those who are of a particular cultures descent. As an example, someone of Irish descent may choose a tattoo depicting the Claddaugh background while another of Egyptian descent might lean towards one similar to their ancient ancestors.On the other hand, very many people choose designs from other cultures just for aesthetics Regardless of where you crave having your tattoo applied on the body or where yo u get the procedure done, its important to understand why you actually love the tattoo. Unlike many other forms of body art tattoos are enduring. So why do we get a tattoo done? Having a tattoo created for the right reasons, and reasons that are truly important to you will help to increase the joy of the design for many years to come.

Persuasive Speech on Sex Education at School Essay

Should children be given charge education in schools, or should this be the responsibility of the parents? Thesis Statement Sex, as serious and important to discuss, is still a very awkward topic for teenagers to discuss this speech lead persuade the audience that sometimes, some things are best discussed at the comfort of a childs home rather than the company of others.Sex is an important part of life. Whether or not we choose to go for it right away or wait, chances are we will have sex at one intend in time, which is why it is correct to get the facts straight sooner than later. The problem is though, with sex we dont get to say, Experience is the best teacher. If it is, then we could all get away with doing it and could say that well do better next time.In 2010, the Philippine Government has implemented a United Nations-backed sex education design in public schools for children and teenagers. The sex education program has been piloted in selected schools around the country and included topics such as Reproductive Health, HIV/AIDS prevention, and family planning. Most of these topics imply only the abstinence part of sex education. Talking about sex does not make us want to have it. In fact, in health classes, sex is usually associated with abstinence.To be honest, my family has been open into discussing sex issues to us, their children. From time to time, they open discussions about sex, and occupy us of our concerns with regards to certain aspects of sex. At first, I found it a whole lot awkward and uncomfortable talking about genital organs and hearing about how babies are made generally. However, as I have continued going to school and is somehow able to acquire the maturity I was evaluate to have, I have learned that sex should be taken seriously.

A Sustainable Development Strategy for the Maltese Islands

A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT system FOR THE Maltese ISLANDS 2007-2016 Proposed by the subject bea foreign mission for sustainable education 2 A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR THE MALTESE ISLANDS 2007-2016 bailiwick billing for sustainable evolution 20th December 2006 This proposed sustainable schooling system for the Maltese Is inflicts was larded by the matter Commission for sustainable Development on 13 November 2006, in foothold of Article 8 (7f) of the Environment Protection Act (Chapter 435 of the Laws of Malta).It is being submitted by the Commission to the console table of Ministers for potential endorsement by the governing of Malta. This muniment does not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Malta. 2 prorogue OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY mark and Mandate Sustainability is a Two- counseling Street Implementing the by telegraph line Layout antecedency Areas 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 The Process of drafting the system 1. 2 The Mandate 1. 3 The Main Benefits of a sustainable Development scheme 1. 4 The Criteria Underpinning the Strategy 1. Layout of the Document 2. UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES 2. 1 The Overarching Vision and goal 2. 2 Sustainability is Multifaceted 2. 3 The Democratic Dimension Participation is Necessary 2. 4 Social debt instrument and the ethical Dimension 2. 5 The Political Dimension Integrative Legislation and Policy 2. 6 The outside(a) and Regional Dimensions 3. THE PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR MALTA 3. 1 Managing the Environment and Resources 3. 2 Promoting Sustainable Economic Development 3. 3 advance Sustainable Communities 3. 4 Cross-cutting strategic Issues 3. Cross-cutting Strategic Issues 5 5 6 6 7 7 9 9 9 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 35 47 57 58 4. IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY 4. 1 Institutionalising the Development of the Strategy 4. 2 Identifying Responsibilities and Structures 4. 3 Setting Targets, Monitoring and Evaluation 4. 4 do Participatory Schemes 4. 5 Collaboration amid the Public and Private Sectors 4. 6 Coordinating and Funding the Strategy 5. THE WAY AHEAD 5. 1 Revising the Strategy 5. 2 Ongoing Consultation 6. THE PRIORITIES APPENDIX 1 PRIORITY STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS 63 63 63 65 65 67 68 69 69 69 71 73 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The march of drafting the home(a) Strategy for Sustainable Development was initiated during the 5th meeting of Maltas National Commission for Sustainable Development (NCSD), held on 9 December 2002, when the Commission official a confinement wedge to oversee the conceptualisation of a National Strategy for Sustainable Development, consisting of an overarching vision and rules, listing the aspirations of Government, gracious corporation and the private welkin in this visit, and outlining methods of writ of execution, taking into account Maltas capacities and constraints.This decision was presumen in bankers bill with the functions of the Commission, as listed in Article 8(7) of the Environmental Protection Act (Act XX 2001 ). The dispense union canment Force met soon after it was institute and set in motion a consultative adjoin to get the National Strategy for Sustainable Development. In March 2006, the National Commission for Sustainable Development nominate a piece Task Force, in determine to update the original draft of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development, produce in July 2004, by incorporating suggestions induct forward by non-homogeneous organisations and individuals that were consulted during 2004 and 2005 and by governance ministries, departments and creation sector agencies that were onsulted in March 2006. That version was promulgated in April 2006,2 and presented for discussion at a National conference on Sustainable Development, held on 22 April 2006 at the Mediterranean Conference Centre. A tertiary draft of the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Maltese Islands was haggard up to incorporate suggestions put forward during the April 2006 Conference.Fol lowing a second round of consultation with government departments and earlier(a) public sector agencies, a fourth draft (the original document) was prep atomic number 18d by a third Task Force ordained by the Commission for Sustainable Development and presented to the Commission on 13 November 2006. The Commission adopted this document and decided to submit it to the footlocker of Ministers for practical endorsement by the Government of Malta This proposed Strategy represents the views of the NCSD and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Malta. Objective and MandateThe objective of drawing up a National Strategy for Sustainable Development was first ceremonious in the aftermath of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), when the Maltese Government, together with the governments of antithetical nations, committed itself to adopt such a Strategy so as to build upon and harmonise the various sectoral, scotchal, social and milieual policies and plans that argon operating in the country and to ensure soci every last(predicate)y responsible economic reading while protecting the resource domicile and the environment for the benefit of future generations. Governments in addition concord that the Strategy should be developed by dint of the widest possible engagement and that it should be based on a thorough quantifyment of the current situation and initiatives (Agenda 21, Chapter 8, split up 8. 7). In September 2000, some 150 Heads of State, including Malta, subscribe the millenary settlement and reaffirmed their take for the patterns of sustainable festering and Agenda 21. They also agreed on the Millennium Development Goals, including the cl intent to integrate the principles of sustainable ontogenesis into country policies and programmes and reverse the personnel casualty of environmental resources. (Millennium Development Goal 7). 1 2 See http//home. um. edu. mt/islands/ncsd/analysis _public_consultation. pdf http//home. um. edu. mt/islands/ncsd/draft strategydocument_2006. pdf 5 This activity at UN direct prompted the atomic number 63an Union to prep atomic number 18 its own Strategy for Sustainable Development3 in 2001, which was renewed in June 2006. The EU Strategy contains targets and follow out mechanisms on seven pick out antecedence ch altogetherenges, and outlines guiding principles for sustainable maturation.The Malta Strategy builds upon and is sure by the Sustainable Development Strategy of the EU. In addition, as a result of its accession to the EU, Malta has embarked on large re contour lines in various sectors, produced study strategical documents in key athletic fields, transposed EU directives in line with the acquis communaut melodye, upgraded its environmental legislation, and bound itself to adopt measures which atomic number 18 strategically aimed at achieving sustainable phylogeny goals.Maltas Strategy is also in line with th e Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development. 4 These inscriptions, among others, hold back imposed an contract and a mandate for Malta to adopt a sustainable maturement strategy. Malta has, following UNCED, under(a)taken various actions which can be considered conducive to sustainable suppuration. These were however not couched within an overarching sustainable exploitation strategy. This Strategy is intended to foregather this destiny.It is the result of the dedicated go bad of members of the National Commission for Sustainable Development, particularly those forming part of the caper forces appointed by the Commission, and also draws on extensive public consultation. It contains an overarching vision and think principles, reflecting the aspirations of the people as uttered in the consultation process. It sets targets and related performance indicators in line with such aspirations and with national commitments, and outlines methods of implementation taking i nto account Maltas capacities and constraints.This proposed Strategy for Sustainable Development reinforces the strategic vision determine in key Malta Government polity documents, including the National Reform Programme and the Draft National Strategic Reference Frame hammer. Sustainability is a Two- style Street In various parts of this document, civil society appointment is gaind. such(prenominal) participation should not be taken to imply armch dividing line criticism, hardly involvement in the pursuit of sustainable development goals. piece it is the Governments tariff to officially formulate, fund and implement the national sustainable development strategy, there is an equal province maild on individuals, constituted bodies and civil society in general to stand for their part in supporting initiatives that hold dear sustainable development, as a way of achieving a go bad quality of feeling for current and future generations. This may involve transfigures in the way individuals conduct their life, but social responsibility is central to the concept of sustainable development. Implementing the StrategyThe success of this Strategy will lie in its implementation. A prerequisite for successful implementation is an serve Plan relating to the strategic directions, particularly the priority champions. The Action Plan destinys to include specific indicators, budget storage allocations and time frames, thus rendering it amenable to rhythmic monitoring. This Strategy should be undertaken once the priority strategic directions are approved by the Government. 3 A sustainable Europe for a Better World A European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development COM (2001) 264 final. See http//www. planbleu. org/actualite/uk/MediterraneanStrategySustainableDevelopment. html 6 Layout This report is organised in six chapters. Chapter 1 describes how the Strategy was drawn up and the criteria underpinning it. Chapter 2 explains the overarching vision underpin ning the Strategy, referring to the various propertys of sustainable development. Chapter 3, which presents the Strategy, is structured in four sections, showing the environmental, economic and social pillars of sustainable development, as comfortably as cross-cutting tax returns.Chapter 4 deals with the implementation of the Strategy. Chapter 5 presents suggestions for the way forward, with a reminder that the Strategy is an ongoing process requiring periodic revisions. The final chapter lists the priority sports stadiums, attended by indicators and targets. The focal point of this document is Chapter 3, which, as stated, contains the proposed Strategy, under the following four main headings (1) managing the environment and resources (2) promoting sustainable economic development (3) fostering sustainable communities and (4) cross-cutting strategic issues.A number of strategic directions are proposed with sham to each(prenominal) heading. These strategic directions are only accompanied by indicators or targets in cases where priority areas are set, and are intended to serve as give-up the ghostposts for the attainment of sustainable development goals in the long term. The priority areas, on the other hand, are to be interpreted as an undertaking by Government to attain the targets indicated within the time frames indicated. Priority AreasThe document identifies 20 priority areas, which were given major enormousness during the consultation process and which the NCSD considered as warranting fore to the highest degree attention for the attainment of sustainable development goals in Malta. These priority areas are accompanied by indicators and targets. They are considered to consider a direct positive effect on society as a whole, in that they advance the quality of life of the population, are in line with sustainable development goals and could be employ to gauge whether Malta is moving towards or away from sustainability.The priority strategic dir ections so identified are the following 1. The Environment Climate Change. get wind travel to reduce greenho drug ab engage gas emissions by means of direct indemnity and an energy policy that strains to promote environmental tribute, competitiveness and security department of supplies and, as a result, decouple the rate of growth of GHG emissions from economic growth. Air Quality. Take remedial action to control emissions of direct pollutants (ambient trains of particulate matter, south dioxide, carbon monoxide, benzene, lead, ozone, heavy metals and nitrogen oxides), and chance on compliance with European standards.Nature and Biodiversity. Halt divergence of biodiversity by 2010, and procure gripment of defend areas by 2008. Fresh weewee. Adopt a policy with the aim of ensuring the exercising of pissing system resources in a manner that is environmentally and economically sustainable, while safeguarding the water takes of the population, and of the agricultural , mercenary and industrial sectors, and achieve redeeming(prenominal) quantitative status by 2015. Seawater. Sustain compliance with the Bathing peeing Directive and achieve compliance with Barcelona Convention standards. gass.Prevent and minimise waste by achieving EU waste-related objectives and targets, reviewing Maltas Waste instruction Strategy by 2007. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 7. Land use. Protect, maintain and improve the urban and rural environment and, through the formulation system, protect the open countryside from uses, particularly residences, which can be much appropriately locate in urban areas. Transport. Reduce car ownership rates to the EU average by 2014. resonate 1995 bus patronage take aims by 2014 (40 million passengers). 8. 9. The Economy Economic Growth.Adopt policy measures so that the growth of gross domestic product per capita in real terms occurs at a rate which will enable the Maltese sparing to converge towards the EU average. 10. Employment. Create employment opportunities to generate income and improve the quality of life of the population, taking into consideration environmental and social impacts and adopt policy measures so that the ratio of center employment to the working-age population in Malta converges with the EU average and reaches at least 57 per cent by 2010. 11. Labour productivity.Adopt policy measures to extend average labour productivity at a rate of 1 per cent per annum over the EU average by 2010, while attempting to balance wages, taxation and productivity, in collaboration with the social partners. Society 12. destitution reduction. Reduce or, at least contain, the current level of 15 per cent of the population at encounter of penury and decrease the ratio of population aged over 65 at risk of poverty from 20 per cent to 15 per cent, by 2010. 13. Labour force participation of women. Adopt policy measures so that the labour force participation rate of women increases to 40. per cent by 2010. 14. Healt h. Decrease the ratio of overweight/ grave population in line with the EU average by 2010 by, amongst other things, enhancing the focus on lusty living and prevention, in methodicalness to reduce the need for curative care. 15. Education. Continue to adopt measures to decrease the early school leavers rate to 35 per cent by 2010 Cross Cutting Issues 16. Spatial development plan. By 2010, draw up an integrated spatial development plan to take forward the National Strategy for Sustainable Development, with the participation of major stakeholders. 7. Economic Instruments. By 2008, draw up a strategy to kick upstairs the use of economic instruments, such as charges, taxes, subsidies, deposit refund schemes, and trading schemes to apply the polluter pays principle and to promote sustainable development in Malta. 18. Enforcement. By 2008, put in place an audit of enforcement placements to rate the adequacy of the current mechanisms and to promote integration of responsibilities and r eduction of overlaps. Implementation 19. Institutional setup.By 2008, put in place a permanent structure, appropriately staffed and funded, to monitor and review the National Strategy for Sustainable Development on an ongoing basis, under the auspices of the National Commission for Sustainable Development, and hold an annual Conference with the participation of major stakeholders to critically evaluate progress relating to the Strategy. 20. Sustainability indicators. By 2008, establish and fund an entity responsible for compiling and evaluating sustainability indicators. This entity should work closely with the National Commission for Sustainable Development and the National Statistics Office. 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 The Process of Drafting the Strategy The process of drafting the National Strategy for Sustainable Development was initiated during the 5th meeting of Maltas National Commission for Sustainable Development (NCSD), held on 9 December 2002, when the Commission appointed a Ta sk Force5 to oversee the preparation of a National Strategy for Sustainable Development, consisting of an overarching vision and principles, listing the aspirations of government, civil society and the private sector in this regard, and outlining methods of implementation, taking into account Maltas capacities and constraints.This decision was taken in line with the functions of the Commission, as listed in Article 8(7) of the Environmental Protection Act (Act XX 2001). The Task Force met soon after it was appointed and set in motion a consultative process to prepare the National Strategy for Sustainable Development. In March 2006 the National Commission for Sustainable Development appointed a second Task Force7, to update the original draft of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development, published in July 20048 by incorporating suggestions put forward by various organisations and individuals that were consulted during 2004 and 2005 and by government ministries, departments an d public sector agencies that were consulted in March 2006. That version was published in April 20069 and was presented for discussion at a National Conference on Sustainable Development, held on 22 April 2006 at the Mediterranean Conference Centre. 0 A third draft of a Sustainable Development Strategy for the Maltese Islands was drawn up to incorporate suggestions put forward during the April 2006 Conference. Following a second round of consultation with government departments and other public sector agencies, a fourth draft (the current document) was prepared by a third Task Force11 appointed by the Commission for Sustainable Development and was presented to the Commission on 13 November 2006.The Commission adopted this document in terms of Article 8 (7f) of the Environment Protection Act (Chapter 435 of the Laws of Malta) and decided to submit it to the Cabinet of Ministers for possible endorsement by the Government of Malta. 1. 2 The Mandate With the setting up of the National C ommission for Sustainable Development in 2002, in terms of the Environment Protection Act (2001), Malta took the first travel to develop a National Strategy for Sustainable Development.The NCSDs main remit is to advocate national sustainable development across all sectors, to review progress in the achievement of such sustainable development and to build consensus on action needed to achieve further progress. The NCSD is also charged with identifying germane(predicate) processes or policies which may undermine sustainable development, and with proposing alternative processes or policies for adoption by the Government.One of the specific The Task Force was composed of Lino Briguglio, as coordinator, Godwin Cassar, Marguerite Camilleri, Victor Axiak and Ray Cachia Zammit 6 See http//home. um. edu. mt/islands/ncsd/analysis_public_consultation. pdf. 7 The second task force was composed of Lino Briguglio, as coordinator, Godwin Cassar, Marguerite Camilleri, Paul Pace, Martin Spiteri an d Marisa Scerri. 8 See http//home. um. edu. t/islands/ncsd/draftstrategydocument. pdf 9 http//home. um. edu. mt/islands/ncsd/draftstrategydocument_2006. pdf 10 See http//home. um. edu. mt/islands/ncsd/conference_report_22-04-06. pdf 11 The third task force was composed of Lino Briguglio as coordinator, Godwin Cassar and Marguerite Camilleri. 5 9 tasks of the Commission is to prepare a National Strategy for Sustainable Development (Chapter 435 of the Laws of Malta, Article 8).The objective of drawing up a National Strategy for Sustainable Development was first established in the aftermath of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), when the Maltese Government, together with the governments of other nations, committed itself to adopt such a strategy so as to build upon and harmonise the various sectoral, economic, social and environmental policies and plans that are operating in the country and to ensure socially responsible economic development while prot ecting the resource base and the environment for the benefit of future generations. Governments agreed also that the strategy should be developed through the widest possible participation and that it should be based on a thorough assessment of the current situation and initiatives (Agenda 21, Chapter 8, paragraph 8. 7). In September 2000, some 150 Heads of State, including Malta, signed the Millennium Declaration and reaffirmed their support for the principles of sustainable development and Agenda 21.They also agreed on the Millennium Development Goals, including the need to integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources (Millennium Development Goal 7). 12 This activity at UN level prompted the European Union to prepare its own Strategy for Sustainable Development13 in 2001, which was renewed in June 2006. The EU Strategy contains targets and actions on seven key priority challenges and outline s guiding principles for sustainable development. 4 The Malta Strategy builds upon and is informed by the EU Sustainable Development Strategy. In addition, as a result of its accession to the EU, Malta has embarked on wide-ranging reforms in various sectors, produced national strategic documents in key areas, transposed EU directives in line with the acquis communautaire, upgraded its environmental legislation, and bound itself to adopt measures which are strategically aimed at achieving sustainable development goals.These commitments, among others, father imposed an obligation on and a mandate for Malta to adopt a National Strategy for Sustainable Development. Malta has, following UNCED, undertaken various actions which can be considered conducive to sustainable development15 but these were not couched within an overarching sustainable development strategy. The Strategy contained in this document is intended to satisfy this need. See http//www. un. rg/millenniumgoals/ A sustainabl e Europe for a Better World A European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development COM (2001) 264 final. 14 The seven priorities emerging out of the renewed EU Strategy are Climate transfer and pillage energy Sustainable transport Public health Sustainable production and consumption Conservation and Management of natural resources Social inclusion, demography and migration Global poverty and sustainable development challenges. 5 See treat submitted by the Government of Malta to the World bakshish on Sustainable Development (2002). http//home. um. edu. mt/islands/Malta_WSSD. pdf 13 12 10 1. 3 The Main Benefits of a Sustainable Development Strategy The main advantage of drawing up a National Strategy for Sustainable Development is that such a strategy informs policy-making agents across different sectors. It also provides a framework for a systematic approach within an commit process of consultation and consensus building.The National Strategy for Sustainable Development sh ould serve as a guide in prioritising actions that are undertaken by all members of society to ensure the prudent use and management of resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations, thus contributing to a better life for everyone. The Strategy addresses social, economic and environmental meets in a coherent manner and permits policy makers to assign relative priorities to these three pillars of sustainable development.It affords an opportunity for identifying specific initiatives and for committing authorities towards their implementation within outlined time frames. The extensive public consultation exercise that was carried out enriched the process by encouraging participatory schemes, and the exercise was an educational experience in itself for the participants and facilitators. 1. 4 The Criteria Underpinning the StrategyThe criteria on which the Strategy was based are exchangeable to those set out by the United Nat ions Department for Economic and Social Af reasonablys16 namely that the Strategy should seek to integrate economic, social and environmental considerations be inter-sectoral and multilayered have a long-run perspective and an ethical dimension with regard to future generations be developed on the basis of broad participation and generate a feeling of ownership by stakeholders be backed by unafraid political commitment serve to develop capacity and itself generate an enabling environment promote the development of monitoring and assessment procedures foster an educative process and a sustainable development culture be coherent, in that there should be a balance surrounded by the funding potential and strategy priorities and be anchored in heavy proficient and economic analysis. 1. 5 Layout of the Document This report is organised in six chapters. Chapter 2, which follows this initiation, explains the overarching vision underpinning the Strategy, referring to the vario us dimensions of sustainable development. Chapter 3, which presents the Strategy, is structured in four sections, covering the environmental, economic and social pillars of sustainable development, as intimately as cross-cutting issues. Chapter 4 deals with the implementation of the Strategy.Chapter 5 proposes a way forward, with a reminder that the Strategy is an ongoing process requiring periodic revisions. The final chapter lists the priority areas, accompanied by performance indicators and targets. 16 UN DESA (2002). Guidance in Preparing National Sustainable Development Strategies, on tap(predicate) at http//www. un. org/esa/sustdev/publications/nsds_guidance. pdf 11 2. UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES 2. 1 The Overarching Vision and Goal The National Strategy for Sustainable Development is primarily aimed at improving the quality of life of all members of society, promoting intersection between the interests of different sectors and layers of society and between the interests of curre nt and future generations. 2. 2 Sustainability is MultifacetedSustainable development must be based on a multifaceted approach, covering environmental, economic and social concerns, since the quality of life is dependant on these factors considered together and not in isolation from one another. This holistic approach requires a long view of development, rather than one based on short term economic gains. It assigns major importance to the integrity of nature and biodiversity, as fountainhead as to the eradication of poverty, the removal of social injustice and other factors that work against gracious welfare of current and future generations. For this crusade, economic development must be aforethought(ip) and executed within a framework that respects environmental capacity constraints and conservation priorities.It should be accent that sustainable development cannot be compatible with economic stagnation and retardation the word development itself suggests improvements, in cluding temporal ones. It is for this reason that, in this document, the need for economic development is given due importance, emphasising the point that sustainable development is not just an environmental issue, but a multidimensional and multifaceted one. However, while it is prize that sustainable development objectives need to take into account economic realities, it is likewise recognised that to date, in spite of unique efforts towards environmental protection, such constraints have often excessively shifted the national priority towards economic requirements. The Strategy drawn up in this document acknowledges this reality.Furthermore it sets as a top national priority the need to improve our quality of life and of the environment, in an effort to safeguard the long-term prospects of economic growth and social wellbeing. 2. 3 The Democratic Dimension Participation is Necessary Directly or indirectly, all members of society are potentially alludeed by decisions related t o sustainable development. Public participation in decision-making is therefore an essential accept of sustainable development. Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration states that sustainable development issues are best handled with the participation of all citizens concerned, and that these should have the instruction and opportunity to be able to participate in decision-making processes, including judicial redress. Agenda 21 emphasises the need for enabling the participation of major groups.More recently, the World visor on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Johannesburg Declaration recognised the importance of a broad-based commitment to public participation in policy-formulation, decisionmaking and implementation at all levels. In this regard, Malta has signed the UNECE Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to jurist in Environmental Matters and, following accession to the EU, has adopted the EU directives relevant to this conv ention, namely Directive 2003/4/ and 2003/35. 12 Public participation is grievous for two principal reasons. First, public participation is a grave in its own right, empowering people both individually and collectively and reducing social exclusion and extraterrestrial beingation.Second, decisions taken through participatory processes are sounder because they are based on a broader spectrum of knowledge and are easier to implement because they are owned by a wider group of people. 2. 4 Social Responsibility and the Ethical Dimension While it is the Governments responsibility to officially formulate, fund and implement a national Sustainable Development Strategy, there is an equal responsibility placed on individuals, constituted bodies and civil society in general to play their part in supporting initiatives that foster sustainable development, as a way of achieving a better quality of life for current and future generations. This may involve changes in the way ndividuals conduct their lives, but social responsibility is central to the concept of sustainable development. Sustainability has a strong ethical dimension and can be considered as a value to be upheld. In this regard, the issue of responsibility towards future generations takes centre stage this aspect of sustainable development was an principal(prenominal) component of the most astray used definition of sustainable development, as proposed by the Bruntland Commission in 1987, which states that sustainable development is the improvement in the quality of life of current generations without compromising that of future ones. There are also ethical considerations relating to science and technology, since these have major impacts on sustainability.It is important that scientific and technological developments have the improvement of quality of life as a central aim. Ethics also have an important function in the promotion and sharing of knowledge and in the participation of stakeholders in the proc ess. The association between sustainable development and matters such as information, transparency and participation is also ethically based, as noted above. The keyword with regard to the ethical dimension of sustainable development is responsibility and this pertains to environmental quality, political matters, use of economic resources, education, culture, intergenerational concerns and worldwide affairs. 2. The Political Dimension Integrative Legislation and Policy The political dimension of sustainable development relates to the need for strong political commitment from all layers of liberty, including Government and local authorities. It is therefore important that those in authority recognise the benefits of sustainable development and take steps to promote it. The multifaceted nature of sustainable development requires cooperation and effective linkages between the different government departments and parastatal organisations at national and local level. In this context, t he National Commission for Sustainable Development is a useful and important vehicle for co-operation and effective interface, both at the national and local level, between the various Government entities.The political dimension is also relevant because the process of sustainable development requires consensus-building on the ways in which natural and economic resources are to be utilised. Sustainable development is primarily a political process since it is based on constant negotiation 13 between the various individuals and groups that have different interests with regard to the use of resources. The process also involves subsidiarity a principle associated with the decentralisation of power and the provision of an enabling environment, including material assistance to the decentralised units, in order to achieve sustainable development objectives.In general, sustainable development requires a good legal foundation to ensure protection of the environment, to promote macroeconomic stability, to safeguard the welfare of vulnerable groups and to cater for the interests of future generations. Moreover, achieving the desired results requires an integrated approach. 2. 6 The International and Regional Dimensions Agenda 21 created a new development model, endorsed by the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), aimed at preparing the world for the challenges of the 21st century. It placed the primary, though not exclusive, responsibility on national governments, which were expected to adopt national strategies, plans, policies and processes conducive to sustainable development, in order to watertight the well-being of current and future generations.The supranational commitments of states to promote sustainable development at the regional and outside(a) levels emanate from ethical and mutual interest considerations. The ethical obligations stem from the concept of valet de chambre solidarity. Actions by one state that place a burden on other states o r that disregard the plights of other states work against such solidarity. This is one important reason why collaboration is necessary, and should also be an underlying reason for countries, Malta included, which form part of the donor country group within the United Nations to accept world(prenominal) commitments, including those proposed at UNCED and the WSSD, even when such commitments do not produce material gains to the donor countries.Another ethical consideration is that artificial satellite Earth has a limited capacity to deal with negative environmental, economic and social impacts, and collective responsibility in therefore called for. The mutual interest consideration is associated with the fact that many sustainable development problems are not confined within the borders of nation-states. Obvious examples are climate change, which has an international dimension, and air and sea defilement, which broadly speaking have regional impacts. There are also economic aspects of sustainable development connected with trade and aid, which have easy regional and international mutual interest dimensions.There are many international and regional arrangements for coordination and co-operation including the United Nations, the European Union and the Mediterranean Commission for Sustainable Development, within which Malta belongs at the international and regional level. These have developed and promulgated their own sustainable development strategies and plans, and member countries have an obligation to stand up by the commitments which they undertake within such organisations. 14 3. THE PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR MALTA This chapter presents the National Strategy for Sustainable Development adopted by Malta, with reference to the environmental, economic and social dimensions.These three pillars of sustainable development are interconnected and action in this regard should be integrated. In this Chapter, the three dimensions are toughened separately, in different sections, for the purpose of exposition only. There are a number of cross-cutting issues which cannot easily be categorised under any one dimension, and these are considered separately in the last section of the chapter. A number of strategic directions are proposed with regard to each heading. These strategic directions are intended to serve as guideposts for the attainment of sustainable development goals in the longer term, are only accompanied by indicators or targets in cases where priority areas are identified.The priority areas, on the other hand, are to be interpreted as an undertaking by Government to attain the targets within the time frames indicated. This proposed Strategy for Sustainable Development reinforces the strategic vision identified in key Malta Government policy documents, including the National Reform Programme and the Draft National Strategic Reference Framework. 3. 1 Managing the Environment and Resources 3. 1. 1 The Main Environmental Challenges Maltas en vironmental challenges have been systematically assessed in a number of official reports including the State of the Environment Report (1998, 2002 and 2005) and Maltas National Report to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002).On the basis of these reports and following an extensive consultation process in continuative with the drawing up of this Strategy, the following environmental challenges facing Malta were identified Air quality and climate change Energy-efficiency and renewable energy resources Biodiversity Freshwater Wastes Marine and coastal environment Land use Transport immanent and technological risks Leisure and the environment 3. 1. 2 Air Quality and Climate Change The quality of Maltas air should be completely safe for human health and able to support biodiversity. In addition, human activities should have the diminutiveest possible impact on climate and on global life-supporting systems (including the ozone layer). The significant improvement in data availability since 1998 has allowed a thorough quantitative assessment of air quality over the Maltese Islands.Parallel work on determining emissions, the drawing up of a greenhouse gas inventory, as well as observation of transboundary pollution, have provided a detailed identification of sources and their relative importance, providing a sound information base for policy. 15 Electricity generation and transport are the major contributors to air pollution in Malta. In recent years, greenhouse gas emissions have increased due to the increased demand for galvanising energy and the growth in private car ownership. This has resulted in atmospheric pollution by particulates, ozone, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds including benzene and lead.A shift to better-quality and lower-sulphur fuels was made in 2004 and leaded petrol was phased out in January 2003. Results from the national air monitoring programme indicate that the two main air pollutants of concern are particulate matter and ozone, while nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide also pose challenges. The main anthropogenetic sources of particulate matter are transport and electricity generation, as well as quarrying and complex body part activities. As a user of ozonedepleting substances (ODSs), Malta also contributes to dispersion in the environment of these substances. The challenge in this area is to attain EU air quality standards while ensuring efficient production and use of energy, as well as a cost effective transport system.Measures designed to encourage energy end-use efficiency, to use renewable sources of energy and to restrict overall vehicle use, including the provision of a high-quality public transport as well as traffic management measures, will be conducive towards this end. Furthermore, support for the use of alternative fuels such as biodiesel should be continued. Government has already introduced financial incentives to promote biofuels, through the exemption from excise tariff of the biomass content in biodiesel.. The biodiesel produced in Malta originates from waste cooking oil, and waste collection programmes have been established. Targets for the use of biofuels in road transport have also been set. A balance needs to be found between the costs of introducing alternative fuels and the benefits of reduction in use of conventional fuels. Landfills have been a source of air pollution for many years.The rehabilitation of old landfills and the proper engineering of new ones are expected to fade away the negative impacts associated with past operating practices of Maltas landfills. Mitigation and adaptation issues and the political and economic aspects of climate change need to be properly addressed as these involve significant economic costs and may impact heavily on Maltas development. Adaptation to rising global surface temperatures and the anticipated important rise in sea level need to feature in future development strat egies. In particular, future development strategies should consider the impacts of climate change on coastal areas in terms of risks to settlements and human safety, commercial activities and home grounds. 16 Promote the adoption of new technologies, including mandating use of catalytic converters, to affect Take steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through an energy policy which seeks to promote environmental protection, competitiveness and security of supplies, and as a result decouple the rate of growth of energy demand from economic growth. Take remedial action to control emissions of air pollutants (ambient levels of particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, benzene, lead, ozone, heavy metals and nitrogen oxides) and achieve compliance with European standards. Encourage people to make use of public transport or to adopt car-pooling practices in order to reduce vehicle emissions. barge in grimer buses on certain public transport routes.Require the con struction industry to reduce generation of fine dust particles. Continue to monitor landfills for air pollution and take remedial action as required. Continue to monitor transboundary pollution and take remedial action as required. Develop a hazard map for coastal areas prone to erosion and flooding. Take action to reduce Maltas vulnerability to Climate Change. significant cut-backs in vehicle emissions. Main strategic directions with regard to air quality and climate change 3. 1. 3 Energy-efficiency and Renewable Energy Resources. Energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources (RES) can be economically and environmentally advantageous.RES are not extensively used in Malta, although they may have immediate local application. Solar water heating could offset a genuine proportion of annual generation of electricity, avoiding emissions of CO2. Generation of electricity using photovoltaics (PV) is currently limited to a small number of specialised applications. The use of ph otovoltaics will, in practice, be determined by economic factors (the cost of panels and associated equipment), the point to which these systems can be connected to the electricity grid, and the associated feed-in tariff established, including any support measures for renewable electricity. Various incentives and support measures could speed up market penetration.Market forces on their own may not spur the use of RES, and government intervention in the form of subsidies or other incentives is required to encourage investors to develop these sources of energy and to encourage consumers to use them. It is important, however, to ensure that the use of RES does not pose unduly high fiscal burdens. In 2005, the Government of Malta introduced a series of measures to support electricity generation from RES. These include financial incentives in the form of grants on the capital costs of photovoltaic installations and micro-wind generation systems by domestic households. A net metering arr angement and purchase by Enemalta at established tariffs of excess electricity generated from small-scale PV systems have also been introduced.In addition, grants on the capital cost of solar thermal water heaters installed by domestic consumers and other financial incentives related to meter installation charges for new domestic consumers installing such systems have been established. The Government has also published a draft Renewable Energy Policy for Malta, with the three key objectives of promoting RES, improving the quality of life and providing support facilities and services in a holistic manner. Further reductions in CO2 emissions are likely to be attained through the construction of energyefficient buildings and the use of small combined heat and power plants by industry, the induction of energy-efficient electric motors and drives, the proper dimensioning of airconditioning units and attendant ducting, and further use of energy-saving lamps.Emissions could also be trim down through improvements in electricity generation and use, as discussed in the previous section. Such reductions could also be attained through fuel pricing as part of an energy 17 policy, and through making available alternative sources such as Biodiesel, Liquid Petroleum flatulence (LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). The use of energy from animal waste and oil waste is also being studied and reviewed by Government. Efficiency in government electricity usage should be very visible so as to encourage private users to change their own behaviour with regard to electricity usage, as well as to curb light pollution. Such visibility includes more efficient course lighting and luminous devices used in road safety signs.Floodlighting of public buildings could also be reduced late at night. Government departments should adopt energy-efficient lighting and air-conditioning in order to lead by example. Energy-saving pilot projects by the Housing sureness should be encouraged. Main st rategic directions with regard to energy-saving and renewable resources Adopt a national energy policy that seeks to improve efficiency in electricity generation and to promote a secure, competitively priced, and environmentally sound energy fork out, Put in place an integrated approach, supported by a nationwide educational campaign, to promote energy efficiency and conservation by users. Carry out an energy audit of street lighting and propose measures to promote efficiency in lighting Step up funding for inquiry to improve knowledge on local materials and conditions in building for energy efficiency and in the use of renewable energy sources Adopt building regulations that would include design requirements relating to thermal efficiency. Direct more development permit applicants to adopt energy efficiency measures. Promote the introduction and use of renewable energy sources through support mechanisms and other appropriate measures. Promote energy audits and energy-effic iency improvements in commercial and industrial establishments. Heighten water conservation methods to reduce dependency on reverse osmosis plants. 3. 1. 4 Freshwater peeing in the Maltese Islands remains a scarce and basic resource and is under intense pressure from competing users. While traditional problems associated with the lack of availability of supply have been addressed chiefly though significant investment in desalination plants, this has been achieved at a high cost. Furthermore, new challenges emerge as more information becomes available from studies carried out on environmental impacts. It is likely that modern technological progress will chart the way towards higher levels of efficiency in the use of water resources.The fair allocation of water resources is considered to be a major priority that needs to be addressed throughout the decision-making process. Water demand and supply need to be managed on a geographical basis, especially in areas where second class wate r requirements take precedence. The integrated management of water resources at water catchment district level is considered to be crucial. Available water resources should be fairly allocated to the different stakeholders while taking into account sectoral requirements in terms of quality and quantity. Such an exercise would require a sound regulatory system and a clear policy, backed by legislation, that sets priorities for water use and lays the foundations for the sustainable management of water resources.In this context, Malta will have to eliminate wasteful practices and move towards the conjunctive use of groundwater with other non-conventional sources such as desalination, treated sewage effluent and stormwater. Stakeholders requirements, the relative supply costs and the benefits accrued, as well as the value of the externalities generated by the use of water, need to be guardedly assessed. 18 The quality and integrity of groundwater bodies in the Maltese Islands are curre ntly at risk mainly from over-exploitation (including uncontrolled private abstraction of groundwater), leading to increased salinity, and from contamination by excess nitrates (mainly from agriculture) and other pollutants.Information on and awareness of the importance of groundwater and the risks posed to its integrity by over-exploitation and pollution need to be more widely disseminated. The polluter pays principle, as well as the EU Environmental Liability Directive provisions, need to be more extensively used and enforced. Investment in stormwater management and flood relief are key priorities for the Maltese Islands. The installation of stormwater catchment facilities will allow this source of freshwater to be utilised for a wide variety of purposes, reducing the strain on the current freshwater resources. Furthermore, road and land development have often failed to recognise the importance of maintaining natural aquifer recharge.Legislative changes introduced in 2000 with the establishment of the Malta Resources Authority involved the insularism of the regulatory and operational responsibilities previously carried out by the Water run good deal. This has led to a clear distinction of regulatory and operational roles between the regulator and the utility agency, thus promoting an improvement in the level of services provided, to the consumers as well as better regulation of the sector. Drinking water quality standards have improved during the past three years as a result of infrastructural improvements which allow a more uniform blending of groundwater with desalinated water throughout the Maltese Islands.Further improvement is foreseen as the Water Services Corporation plans to upgrade its desalination facilities in an endeavour to improve product quality and energy efficiency. The introduction of a better-regulated system for groundwater abstraction, together with enforcement of environmental measures to improve the qualitative standards of groundwa ter supplies, is also envisaged. In recent years, the Water Services Corporation has also stepped up its water conservation efforts and has reduced losses from the distribution network. Better use of harvested rainwater and treated sewage effluent is envisaged in the coming years, while further measures and incentives to store stormwater run-off in urban/semi-urban areas will be considered.Potable water quality needs to be improved in order to reach EU standards and the present plans of the Water Services Corporation and of the Malta Resources Authority to achieve this aim need to be fully implemented in a sustainable manner. Through EU Structural Funds, measures and projects are underway to improve drinking water quality. At the same time, conservation measures related to water produced through sewage treatment, controlled abstraction of groundwater, the better use of cisterns and wells, and the cleaning of existing dams and building of new ones in strategic locations need to be en couraged through the enforcement of existing legislation, a more effective consumer education programmes and, possibly, economic incentives and disincentives. Measures to store rainwater, including the use of disused quarries, need to be explored.Valley beds need to be cleared from unauthorised interventions in order to allow for the safe collection of water however, the ecological value of valleys must be recognised in addition to their water transport function, and the haphazard clearing of valleys should be prohibited. As well as supplying potable water for human use, freshwater also sustains a variety of perennial springs and small water bodies which, in turn, support a variety of species. Such freshwater ecosystems are extremely menace by the combined effects of habitat loss and by the lack of water availability, resulting from anthropogenic activities and come about episodes of drought.These freshwater habitats need to be very carefully managed and all efforts should be made to safeguard them earlier they are completely lost. To this end, the importance of such measures will be 19 reflected in the implementation of the Water Catchment Management Plan under the national legislation transposing the Water Framework Directive. Around 14. 3Mm3/year of treated sewage effluent are expected to be available for re-use in Malta and Gozo during the next five years. As a signatory to the Barcelona Convention, Malta is committed to treat all wastewater sooner discharging at sea, and is thus planning to set up three new sewage treatment plants one in Gozo and two in Malta.The treatment plant in Gozo and that in the north of Malta are expected to be operational by 2008. Once the projected sewage treatment plants are operational, the country should have significant quantities of inferior water. While not suitable for human consumption, this water may be suitable for other purposes. Other uses should be explored, especially for those sectors and activities with heav y water consumption. In this regard, projects that require large quantities of water to sustain them need to be carefully assessed for their impact on the water supply. Since sewage is change magnitudely being seen as a water resource, it must also be protected against contamination from hazardous industrial and other effluents.Main strategic directions with regard to freshwater Adopt a policy with the aim of ensuring the utilisation of the nations water resources in a manner that is environmentally and economically sustainable. Allow the natural biodiversity of surface water eco-systems to be keep up and to flourish, and achieve good ecological status for inland surface waters by 2015 in line with the Water Framework Directive. Ensure a reliable and good-quality supply of potable water in consent with international water quality standards. Reduce and prevent further pollution of waters with the aim of achieving good status of all water bodies by 2015 in line with the Water F ramework Directive. Establish and operate comprehensive monitoring networks for all water bodies in the Maltese Islands in order to reliably assess the achievement of good status objectives in these bodies. Encourage initiatives for the adoption of water efficiency and conservation measures. Introduce effective catchment management and design roads so as to maximise the channelling of water towards reservoirs. Improve public awareness on the environmental, social and economic value of water. Strengthen and enforce regulatory measures with regard to iniquitous abstraction. Encourage the recycling of non-potable sources of water for secondary use. Assess projects that require large quantities of water in order to ascertain that they do not unduly create water supply shortages. Optimise the use of second-class water particularly in those sectors that make heavy use of water. 3. 1. 5 Biodiversity Though small in size, the Maltese Islands and their territorial waters support a var iety of habitats and significant biodiversity which are still not adequately recognised as an environmental asset to be protected and sustained. Loss of biodiversity, i. e. the irreversible loss of species and ecosystems, can have very damaging effects on various aspects of a nations development. A number of endemic and sub-endemic species are not only of scientific importance but are also of evolutionary and biogeographical interest, being relics of past Mediterranean flora and fauna.Over the years, not enough commitment has been shown to protect such biodiversity, leading to rapid habitat loss and uncontrolled exploitation of wildlife. This has meant that unique and important habitats such as wetlands, sand dunes and woodlands have disappeared or are on the verge of disappearing. Furthermore, some elements of Maltas biodiversity have a wider regional and global importance, and as such are protected under international legislation. 20 Extinction and loss of species has been put do wn since 1998 by the State of the Environment Reports. In spite of the introduction of substantial legal protection for important habitats during the last 15 years, effective protection has lagged behind.Effective conservation requires the allocation of financial, physical and human resources to enable management, including short- and long-term monitoring. Moreover, in situ and ex situ conservation is urgently required (e. g. propagation, habitat restoration, containment, control or eradication of invasive strange species and reintroduction of indigenous species). In spite of efforts to protect and manage indigenous biodiversity, most threatened species and the majority of endemic species, remain under threat from human-mediated activities (such as overexploitation, punishable capture and killing, land development and introduction of foreigner species) and from the consequences of such activities such as loss and degradation of habitats, pollution, disruption of food webs, erosi on and eutrophication) that lead to undesirable changes in ecosystems. The dwindling areas of garigue, sand dunes and cliff faces are some examples of habitats that are endangered. Due to the state of such habitats, even certain recreational activities, such off-roading, camping and abseiling, need to be better regulated. The state of knowledge of local biota is still poor and resources for the implementation and enforcement of existing regulations have still not reached the required levels. The biodiversity monitoring programme is still rudimentary and under-funded.Exploitation, whether vile or unregulated, of a number of wildlife species and communities is still ongoing (and, in some cases, possibly increasing), mainly through hunting, trapping and fishing. The currently available data on such activities are not sufficient and not sufficiently reliable to permit a thorough assessment of the impact of such exploitation on the local biodiversity. This issue should be addressed as an immediate priority. Land reclamation in subtle ecological areas should be prohibited and the re-use of abandoned fields encouraged. This needs to be linked to the promotion of land stewardship, establishment of ecological corridors and organic farming. The uncontrolled introduction of terra incognita species into local eco-systems continues to be of serious concern.An increasing number of such species are establishing themselves in the wild, with adverse effects on the local eco-systems. It is widely documented globally that human-mediated activities, namely trade and tourism, facilitate the introduction and transfer of such species into new environments. Once alien species are introduced, either deliberately or accidentally, into the environment, they can establish themselves. In certain cases, alien species actuate to compete with native species, in which case they become invasive and could become the dominant species. Invasive alien species involve and affect a wide range o f social, ecological and economic activities and can also affect public health.To prevent these impacts, a strategy to control existent alien species and to prevent the further introduction of alien invasive species, should be drawn up. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be considered as alien species and the regulation of GMOs should be included in any policy and/or legislation on alien species. Maltas official policy is that applications to deliberately release or place on the market GMOs are assessed and evaluated on a case-by-case basis and by means of a thorough scientific assessment. pledge should be given to research and development to predict and prevent invasive behaviour of alien species and GMOs before they are released into the environment.The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety should be ratified and implemented in order to control transboundary movements of GMOs with the aim of providing a comprehensive and holistic approach to the conservation of biological divers ity, the sustainable use of natural resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits deriving from the use of genetic resources. 21 In order to comply with the EU nature protection acquis, Malta has designated an extensive network of Special Areas of Conservation, of which 31 are of international importance and which nitty-gritty to a respectable 12. 5 per cent of the national territory in terms of land area. The total area of protected terrestrial habitat on the Maltese Islands relative to the total surface area compares favourably to the EU average.Additional efforts should now be made so that rare or scientifically important eco-systems not yet protected, as well as representative examples of more widespread habitats such as marine eco-systems, are afforded legal protection. Natural areas which are declared protected need to be monitored and managed in accordance with adopted management plans, the more so since this is also a legal obligation. Management plans have alread y been adopted for some of the sites, and others are in the pipeline. Monitoring work has been undertaken and policy provisions are being drawn up to ensure that the EU Directives are adhered to. Nonetheless, the process of agreeing on management plans for protected areas will have to be significantly accelerated in order to meet Maltas national and international obligations.A commendable dev