Child abuse/child protection and welfare: Client needs

chela subvert/ peasant security system and welf atomic number 18 Client demand shaver detestation/ tyke neverthelessification and welf ar The client take and the role of the sociable trouble practiti superstarr in responding to those needs.Many countries in the developed fully invoken male, including Ireland, expect seen a monumental shift in attitudes to what constitutes as nipper maltreatment. Society has become to a greater extent knowledgeable ab bulge out different types of churl misdirect and about the meet the pace can have on the nestling throughout their lives. The babys needs and the role of the companionable upkeep practitioner get out be the main focus of the essay. The essay will discuss the needs of a tiddler who has suffered insult and propose an intervention to address the importance of armorial bearing for the child and education for the worryr. The role of the Social business organization practitioner in relation to child debase wi ll also be a central commence of this discussion. Types of child abuse include activated abuse, push aside, somatogenic abuse and sexual abuse. However, this essay will focus mainly on emotional and physiological abuse. Suggestions on interventions will be arrange forth as the different types of child abuse are creation discussed. Relevant policies and guidelines will be discussed in regards to how these policies have helped children by well-favored them rights whilst also giving them hope for a better future.Child abuse can be defined as any act of armorial bearing or omission which deprives children of equal rights and liberties and/ or interferes with their optimal development Gil 1975 (cited in Daniel and Ivatts 1998, p.196). The above definition accords with the spirit of Article 19 of the United Nations assemblage on the rights of the child which states that it is the duty of the state to safeguard children from all types of abuse and brush off, to concord support to those who have been abused and to investigate instances of abuse(Childrens Rights Alliance 2013). However, it can be difficult to give a on the nose or exact definition of child abuse because there are many different types of child abuse. Some types, much(prenominal) as physical abuse can be much more noniceable merely may not have the same impact on the child as emotional abuse. Bensley et al (2004) argues that if a parent calls their child lumpish and belittles them on a regular basis, the child will start perceiving these comments to be true, and will carry them into their teens and adulthood. Childrens prototypic, the national guidance that promotes the resistance of children from abuse and neglect, describe emotional abuse as generally to be completed in the relationship between a parent or shielder and a child rather than in a specific upshot or pattern of events. It arises when a childs need for love, support, constancy and security are not met (Childrens Firs t 2011 p.8)Social care practitioners work closely with the child, their family and other professionals to ensure the childs needs are being met. Social care practitioners should possess a widely range of soulfulnessal and professional attributes.A wellness or cordial care profession is any profession in which a soul exercises skill or judgment relating to the preservation or improvement of the wellness or wellbeing of others, the diagnosis, treatment or care of those who are injured, sick, alter or infirm, the resolution, through guidance, counselling or otherwise, of personal, social or psychological problems.(wellness and Social Care toy 2005, p.09)Professional attributes of a social care practitioner should include a comprehensive awareness of the social care field, to be able to work on their own initiative, and as serving of a team, research skills and problem solving. On a personal level, social care practitioners should be open-minded, reliable, trustworthy, and empath etic and compassionate (Lalor and Share, 2013).Social care practitioners office find it more difficult to recognise and substantiate emotional neglect or abuse as there are no physical injuries or abrasions (Nauert 2014). Evaluation of what is occurring to a child requires that each aspect of a childs developmental progress is examined, in the context of the childs age and stage of development ( discussion section of Health 2000, p.18). By doing an assessment wheel or triangle with the child, the practitioner will get a good sense of the child, which involves more than just factual data (Buckley et al 2006 p. 40). The assessment process is designed by way of three cooccurring activities and five steps. The three concurrent activities are Engaging, Safeguarding and collaborating and the five steps are Responding, Protecting, Devising, Gathering Reflecting and Sharing/analysing/ designning. The child is at the spiral in the middle. underwrite appurtenance A for diagram of The As sessment Wheel and Triangle. The orchestrate is to hold open a consistent and organised way of collecting, recording, studying and figuring out the information required to inform effective and appropriate levels of child protection and well-being interventions (Buckley et al 2006 p.10). Such as with Bronfenbrenners ecological systems speculation 1969. The theory states that that we come across diverse environments during our life that can involve our behaviour in various ways. The different environments include the micro system, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macro system, and the chronosystem (Mae Sincero 2012). Yet, child abuse can be hidden from professionals and the outside world for many years before the child in need is observed. adept of the most famous cases of severe and wilful neglect is the case of genie Wiley. For the first thirteen years of her life, Genie was kept locked in a small room, naked and quite often tied to a potty. Her family rarely spoke to her and the times that her father did go with her it was through barking and gainling (Rymer 1994 p.46). She was dis queered by a hold back when her mother brought her to the doctors at age thirteen. The nurse believed her to be no more than seven years old. Rymer (1994) stated that essential neglect and physical abuse had prevented Genie from developing cognitively and physically. butt against appendix B for the indicators of neglect from the Tuslas practice handbook. One of the roles of the social care practitioner in cases of child emotional abuse or neglect is to be vigilant and look out for signs as far-famed in appendix B and to contact the necessary authorities. The main fierceness and concern of any enquiry into the emotional abuse or neglect of a child is the child (Platt and Shemmings 1997). Under the Child Care Act 1991, the HSE has certain statutory obligations for the protection and welfare of children such as victorious the appropriate action to promote the welfare of the child (Childrens First 2011 p.19). When carers show kindness, love and affection in meeting the childs needs, they support the child to develop into a stable, caring, healthy and independent adult (LaMeaux 2014). As with neglect and emotional abuse of a child, physical abuse can have a detrimental effect on a child.Physical abuse can be described as soul intentionally injuring or hurting a child and it can cover an assortment of negative behaviours such as smacking, shaking, repeatedly hitting, burning, cutting and the asphyxiation of a child (Beaver et al 1999, p. 207). Citizens Information (2014) describe physical abuse as any injury inflicted on a child overdue to the deliberate failure of the childs carer to protect the child. over the years, many Irish people have heard and read the agonising stories and reports on the physical abuse perpetrated on countless children at the pass on of their so called carers in Irish industrial schools. One of the major reports is t he Ryan narration. The Ryan Report (2009) is an inquiry into the abuse in which children in the industrial schools in Ireland suffered piece of music under state supervision.The litany of terrible wrongs inflicted on our children, who were placed by the posit in residential institutions run by religious orders, was collated by the commissioning and presented for Ireland and the world to read. The healing process involves listening to, understanding and consulting with survivors on how the wrongs of the early(prenominal) can be addressed and how their needs can be catered for into the future. (Report of the missionary work to Inquire into Child misdirect, 2009 p.9) The Ryan report, brought light to the severe physical, emotional and sexual abuse of many children. Following the report, the state was pressured to draw up a aim with the articulated aim of replying to all of the 20 separate recommendations, outlined in the Ryan Report, which were grouped into six categories. This plan also brought about the implementation of the Childrens First guidelines (Ryan 2009) (See Appendix C for the full 20 recommendations and six categories). In light of these recommendations, policies and procedures such as garda vetting and reviews into serious incidences have been implemented. However, it is not just industrial schools and serve that have caused major concern, for social care practitioners regarding child abuse.Child abuse can happen in any part of society and, rich, paltry or whatever the family circumstance, any child may be subjected to the awfulness of child abuse (Childline 2015). This can have a detrimental effect on the child throughout their lifespan if not dealt with or handled appropriately. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs theory shows that if ones physiological needs such as food, shelter and clothe are not being met they cannot reach their safety needs such health and family security or reach a sense of belongingness (Gawel 1997). See Appendix D for Maslows hierarchy of needs triangle. According to Maslow (1970 p.38) a persons most important need is the lowermost unmet need in the pyramid. The assessment triangle analyses the childs condition and state of personal business and gives the social care practitioner a good and informed plan of action to safeguard the best outcome for the child (Department of Health 2000). To conclude, as mentioned above, the impact of neglect, emotional abuse and physical abuse can have a harmful and damaging effect on a child. The aim of the essay was to outline the client needs and the role of the social care practitioner in responding to these needs in cases of child abuse. Childhood should be carefree, playing in the sun not living a incubus in the darkness of the soul (Pelzer 1995 p.98). Children need love, support and affection to grow to be confident and happy adults. In an ideal world, all parents and caregivers would give this love and support to the child in order for the child to grow contently. However, in reality many children face unwarranted hardships on a daily basis, through no fault of their own. It is our role as social care practitioners to help and support these children who need help, so they can be assured a deserved brighter future.REFERENCE LISTNauert, R. (2014). For Kids, Mental Abuse Can Be Worse than Sexual, Physical Abuse. Psych Central. Retrieved on February 16, 2015, from http//psychcentral.com/news/2014/10/09/for-kids-mental-abuse-can-be-worse-than-sexual-physical-abuse/75945.html accessed 16 Feb. 15Daniel, P. and Ivatts, J. (1998) Children and Social Policy, London PalgraveChildrens First (2011) National direction for the protection and welfare of children online ready(prenominal) http//www.dcya.gov.ie/documents/Publications/ChildrenFirst.pdf accessed 16 Feb. 15Rymer, R. (1994) Genie A scientific tragedy, New York Harper CollinsHealth Service Executive 2011) Child protection and welfare Practice handbook, pp19-21, Online purchasable h ttp//www.tusla.ie/uploads/content/CF_WelfarePracticehandbook.pdf accessed 17 Feb. 15LaMeaux, E.C. (2014) 5 Needs your child must have met at home, Gaiam feel Your Guide to Better Living. Online available http//life.gaiam.com/article/5-needs-your-child-must-have-met-home accessed 17 Feb. 15Beaver, M., Brewster, J., Jones, P., Keene, A., Neaums, S. and Tallack J. (1999) Babies and Young Children azoic years care and education, Cheltenham Stanley ThornesCitizens Information (2014) Child Abuse What is child abuse? Online available http//www.citizensinformation.ie/en/birth_family_relationships/services_and_supports_for_children/child_abuse.html accessed 18 Feb. 15Report of the outfit to Inquire into Child Abuse (2009) Implementation Plan, Dublin The stationary OfficeMae Sincero, S. (2012). Ecological Systems Theory.(Mar 14) Retrieved Feb 19, 2015 from Explorable.com https//explorable.com/ecological-systems-theoryMaslow, A. (1970) want and Personality, (2nd ed), New York Harper and Ro wChildrens Rights Alliance (2013) Uniting Voices for Children digest of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Online available http//www.childrensrights.ie/sites/default/files/information_sheets/files/SummaryUNCRC.pdf accessed 19 Feb. 15Department of Health (2000) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families , Department for tuition and Employment Home Office, London The Stationary OfficeBensley, L., Ruggles, D., Simmons, K.W., Harris, C., Williams, K., Putvin, T., Allen, M. (2004) General existence norms about child abuse and neglect and associations with childhood experiences,Child Abuse lose, 28(12), 13211337.Health and Social Care Professionals Act 2005, No. 27/2005, s.3, Dublin Stationary OfficeChildline (2015) Physical Abuse Abuse and Safety Explore online, available http//www.childline.org.uk/Explore/AbuseSafety/Pages/Physical.aspx accessed 24 Mar 2015.Gawel, J. (1997) Herzbergs Theory of Motivation and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Online a vailable http//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED421486.pdf accessed 24 Mar. 15Van Devall, T. (2013) Printable Maslows Hierarchy of Needs chart / Maslows Pyramid Diagram, available http//timvandevall.com/printable-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-chart/ accessed 25 Mar 2015.APPENDIX AThe Assessment WheelThe Assessment TriangleAPPENDIX BIndicators of Neglect Tusla (2011)Indicators of neglect are likely to be visible in the behavior or behaviour of the child. Individuals/agencies concerned should consider making a referral to the HSE Children and Family function if they notice that a child Wears soiled clothing or clothing that is significantly too small or large, or is often in need of repair Seems inadequately dressed for the weather Always seems to be hungry, hoards, steals or begs for food, comes to school with little or no food ofttimes appears listless and tired, with little energy Frequently reports caring for younger siblings Demonstrates scant(p) hygiene, smells of urine or faeces, has dirty or decaying teeth Seems emaciated or has a distended stomach (indicative of malnutrition) Has unattended medical or dental problems, such as infected soresDisplaying apathy, unresponsive to affection domains that there is no one at home to provide care Presents with frequent accidents and/or meek injuries Growth not within the expected range Signs of developmental delays, poor attention/concentration, lack of self-confidence/poor self-esteem, low academic feat (including erratic or non-school attendance) Behavioural signs, e.g. overactive, aggressive, poor coping skills, impulsive behaviour, indiscriminating friendliness, withdrawn, poor social skills development, bed-wetting, soiling or destructive behaviours, substance misuse, raceway away, sexual promiscuity, self-harm, offending behaviours.APPENDIX CThe kicks 20 Recommendations tutelages Recommendation 1 A memorial should be erectedCommissions Recommendation 2 The lessons of the past should be learned.Commissions Recommendation 3 Counselling and educational services should be available.Commissions Recommendation 4 Family tracing services should be continued.Commissions Recommendation 5 Child care constitution should be child-centred.Commissions Recommendation 6 National child care polity should be clearly articulated and reviewed on a regular basis.Commissions Recommendation 7 A rule of evaluating the extent to which services meet the aims and objectives of the national child care policy should be devised.Commissions Recommendation 8 The provision of child care services should be reviewed on a regular basis.Commissions Recommendation 9 It is important that rules and regulations be enforced, breaches be describe and sanctions applied.Commissions Recommendation 10 A culture of respecting and implementing rules and regulations and of sight codes of conduct should be developed.Commissions Recommendation 11 independent inspections are essential.Commissions Recommendation 12 steering at al l levels should be accountable for the quality of services and care.Commissions Recommendation 13 Children in care should be able to communicate concerns without fear.Commissions Recommendation 14 Child care services depend on good communication.Commissions Recommendation 15 Children in care need a consistent care figure.Commissions Recommendation 16 Children who have been in State care should have access to support services.Commissions Recommendation 17 Children who have been in child care facilities are in a good position to identify failings and deficiencies in the system, and should be consulted.Commissions Recommendation 18 Children in care should not, save in portentous circumstances, be cut off from their families.Commissions Recommendation 19 The full personal records of children in care must be maintainedCommissions Recommendation 20 Children First National Guidelines for the tax shelter and Welfare of Children should be uniformly and consistently implemented throughout t he State in dealing with allegations of abuse.In examining the Commissions 20 recommendations, it was firm to group them into six categories.1.Addressing the effects of past abuse2. National child care policy and evaluation of its implementation3. Regulation and inspection4. Management of childrens services5. Voice of the child6. Children First, the national guidelines for the protection and welfare of children.(Ryan Report 2009)APPENDIX DMaslows Hierarchy of Needs(Tims Printables 2013)1

The Concept Of Civil Society Politics Essay

The Concept Of genteel Society Politics EssayIt is important to let turn up the role of civic fellowship in regime because on that point is in truth a controversy nearly its role in kinship with the accede. For example, Tocqueville (1969) argues that accomplishedised fellowship is the most credible alternative to the enounce for the slanty of human race bests. On the any(prenominal) otherwisewise hand, Hegel considers its role as being complimentary to that of the state and he puts a premium on the role of the state. Political Scientists such as Stephan (1998), Stocpol (1992) and Keane (1998) agree that accomplished familiarity organisations argon pre-requisite for making uncorrupted brass. The World Bank and the United Nations similarly sh be the view that there merchantman be no superb cheek without obliging conjunction.The consideration civil ball club is itself a subject of umpteen a(prenominal) debates. In baffle to identify the role of civ il society in establishment, It leave behind be necessary to clarify the context in which the term is been discussed in this paper. fifty-fifty the nonion of steady-going governance is conte unchangeable and as such will too require some clarifications. Doornbos (20034) agrees that there has hardly been a consensus about its core gist.In this essay therefore, attempts will be made, using usable literature to define the terms civil society and respectable governance, apologise the inter-face betwixt the two concepts, identify the roles of civil society in governance, go along a brief description of our case study, which in this instance is federation Africa, analyse the impact of civil societies in relationship with good governance in southeastward Africa and conclude on the basis of my findings.The Concept of civilian Society. civil society is pluralistic in meaning. Perhaps the most key and enduring definition of the term is that of Locke(1963), who describes civil society as a contract amidst equals founded on the basis of voluntarism. Tocqueville (op. cit.) builds on the definition provided by Locke and extends the concept further by introducing the idea of incarnate action as a way of curbing state tyranny for the purpose of producing the gross good. Thus, the notion of civil society as a model of self-governance through unpaid effort for the delivery of leafy vegetable good was first introduced. Also, the ideas of voluntarism and collective action projected by these authors form the basis of body politic which is polar for civil society. Friedman and Mckaiser argue that civil society and majority rule are interdependent. gibe to them, democracy is the vehicle through which civil society can accept a voice to speak for the people.More recently, Edwards(2005) go exploring the ideas of some innovative philosophers who project the idea of civil society as the exoteric range (Habermas 1989) and the good society( Kant 1970), conclu des that the idea of civil society remains compelling because it brings out the best in us and establishes lasting solutions for issues of inequalities, social injustice and poverty. Cohen and Arato (1992) choose civil society from the state and market and argue that it could become the needful instrument for expanding civil rights and democracy. This interpretation of the concept emphasises the idea of democracy which is also considered a necessary condition for good governance.There are many other interpretations of this term by incompatible theorists, but for the purpose of this discourse, civil society will encompass all collective actions by voluntary organisations within the cosmos sphere for the purpose of delivering the common good. It will allow in activities of Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Social movements, in imposing and formal communal groups which collaborate with other institutional pillars to deliver goods of public value.The Concept of Good Governanc e.Governance as a word connotes control, regulations and order. Court, Hyden and Mease (2004 16) describe governance as a brass of regulations and rules within which social actors must take ratioci communitys for the purpose of creating social order. gulping (1997) agrees that governance is the relationship between power structures to create a civic public realmHowever, the idea that good governance is dependent on civil society makes the concept complex and pluralistic in meaning too. According to Warren (1999), bountiful democrats will define a organisation as good only if it has the following attributes granting immunity of information and freedom of the press, citizens capacity building schema, asserts the fundamental human rights of citizens, encourages collective action and close making, provides avenue for public opinion and institutional checks and balances.Evans (2012) advances another idea of good governance premised on integrity in public administration. The Organ isation for scotch Cooperation and outgrowth (OECD), Transparency Inter matter (TI) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) are some of the advocates of integrity as new public management strategy for the purpose of achieving accountable, transparent and liable public institutions (ibid). In this model, the OECD identifies eight different criteria for good governance, which it calls ethics infrastructure. They arepolitical commitment to integrity, effective jural frame work, efficient accountability mechanisms, workable codes of conduct, professional socialisation of staff, positive public service conditions, an ethics coordinating body and an active society performing a watchdog role.In this arrangement therefore, civil societies are assumed to be integrity agents and they are expected to monitor the activities of public institutions to ensure accountability, transparency, competence and responsiveness in public administration (ibid).dogfish (2004), while criticizi ng modern day advocates of good governance agenda for not putting in place a precession list, advances the idea of good enough governance , which to him is more realistic. This model embodies important issues relating to culture, context and priority national increaseal goals.It is evident from the discourse above that good governance means different things in different context, but it has certain common attributes such as poverty reducing (Stapenhurst Pelizzo, 2002),accountability, transparency, minimum level of corruption, fit and efficient public service (op. cit.). These attributes will inform the parameter for find out the roles of civil society in good governance in this research.The Inter-face between Civil Society and Good Governance.It is also obvious from the discourse above, that the notions of civil society and good governance are closely linked. The two concepts piece of land many distinct positive attributes necessary for achieving poverty reduction, sustainable information and economic stability and they are perceived as proffering solutions to most of the worlds problems, disregardless of whether they are local, regional or global(Roy 2008). However, Pelizzo (2011) contends that civil societies can become catalysts for the entrenchment of good governance only and when they make a demand on the political class to check and improve on the quality of governance. Uphoff (1986) also argues that civil socities are able to achieve greater level of development when they are independent from bureaucratic controls.The Roles of Civil Society in Governance.Civil societies play very important roles in governance. In the first instance, as advocates of the good society, they help to promote democratic principles and defend democratically take giving medications. Secondly, they act as watchdogs to ensure prudent and efficient use of national re commencements. Lastly, they help to create public awareness on issues relating to good governance and deve lop a well- inform society. Dewey (1916) argues that the symbol of a good democracy is its ability to develop a well- informed society. Civil societies must be financially, politically and legally independent from regime in order for them to effectively fulfil these roles. To succeed, they will also require the support of the political class, other arms of organization and institutional pillars such as anti -corruption bodies, directors of public prosecution, human rights bodies (TI Sourcebook, 2000). southbound Africa A Brief Description. in the south Africa as nation was for several years traumatized because of the struggle to overthrow the apartheid regime. However, in 1994, Nelson Mandela became the first electric chair of post -apartheid southwestward Africa, a National Unity Government was realized comprising of the countrys majority party the African National coitus (ANC), the National caller and the Freedom Party. The administrations major challenge was to rebu ild the nation which had become politically, socially and economically devastated by so many years of conflict down the stairs the apartheid regime. The judicature immediately set up a Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), to address the issues of social inequalities, social injustice, infrastructural deficit, extreme poverty, massive unemployment turbid seated insecurity and myriads of other socio- economic consequences of the years of the oppressive rule. downstairs the RDP, the politics designed a well -coordinated and sustainable programme to be executed with the cooperation of the different arms of government, together with civil society organisations and the backstage sector. The objective was to rebuild the nation within a peaceful and stable environment, characterised by sustainable development and economic growth. The political climate in southwestward Africa changed significantly the country attempted to embrace some of the neo- heavy(p) economic policies of the West to come up with its own unique ashes which Andreason (2006) refers to as predatory liberalism. In this model, the ruling African National Congress (ANC) adopted a strategy that enabled it to consolidate economic power in itself and effectively ward off opposition.It is pertinent to state that there is a printing in some quarters that the anti apartheid struggle was godly by civil society organisations. This notion cannot be correct in view of the earlier claim that democracy and civil society are intimate bedfellows. The struggle that brought about the fall of apartheid in south-central Africa can best be described as resistance against racial oligarchy.Civil Society Organisations and Their Impact on Good Governance in South AfricaThe post- apartheid government between 1994 and early 2000, attempted to run an open organisation which enabled civil society organizations to participate in decision making. Friedman and Kihato (2004) assert that the government created a formal avenue for all citizens to participate in insurance making, their criticism however was that organizations were not given equal opportunities for participation.It appeared that government touch was to remain in control. Friedman and Kihato observe that the government seemingly acceptance of civil society was a faade to silence them by integrating them into formal state structure uniform the National Economic Development Council. Fioramonti (2005) reports that though there were many civil society organizations covering a unspecific range of developmental objectives their impact could not be felt because government had withdrawn much of its financial support and many of their leaders had interpreted up political appointments. This emphasises the importance of political and financial autonomy from the state if civil society organizations are to effectively play their roles.The post- apartheid government of the ANC failed to deliver on its national economic plan of 1996 and t here was little or no demand by the civil society organizations on government to give an account of its stewardship. Habib and Kotze observe that the government adopted a centralistic approach and other developmental partners were completely alienated from the policy decision making process.As the economic crises deepened in South Africa, the ruling party abdicated from providing goods of public value to the citizenry, some use up groups attempted to fill the vacuum-clean left by government. They established crises committees in rural regions to challenge some of the state policies which they considered oppressive and designed to further pauperize the citizenry. The relationship between the government and the civil society organizations became more tensed. Fioramonti (op. cit.) reports that in 1997, Nelson Mandela criticized civil society organizations for not been democratically accountable and also accused them of being agents in the service of foreign donors Huxtable, Smith an d Villalon (2005) further report that former electric chair Mbeki in the bid to discredit foreign- based NGOs severally accused them of not being accountable and wanting to control home- based civil society organizations. Fioramonti (op. cit.) concludes that the division that developed within the civil society organisations in South Africa join with fierce state opposition made it difficult for them to put away with government on issues of national development.Post- apartheid South Africa has undergone a period of advancing political stability between 1994 and 2007 which led to the establishment of structures for the consolidation of its newcomer democracy. The civil society organisations go also grown in effect and influence. Thomas(2004) adduces that the increasing independence of these organisations from the apron of the state together with the influence of neo- liberal economies pose helped to build a strong democratic structure for the state.Since the arising of the Ja cob Zumas administration in 2009, civil society organisations have made a haul of impact at national, provincial and local government levels. For example, a coalition of civil society organisations namely the AIDS Consortium, the AIDS police Project, the National Association of People Living with Aids and Treatment natural process Campaign influenced a change in governments policy on human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS (Johnson 2006).Friedman and Mckaiser note that focussed civil society organisations with predominant wispy membership have not allowed racial sentiments prevent them from challenging government on any policy which is not deemed to be in the interest of the masses, in spite of the overwhelming black support for the current administration. This non- racial posture of some of these organisations have ensured a more responsive democracy and by implication good governance, in that the interest of the society takes anteriority over every other consideration.However, civil society organisations in South Africa have been criticised for not representing the unfortunate adequately. The vulnerable groups such as the unemployed, workers in the informal sector and casual workers have no avenue for informed representation in governance. The lack of adequate representation of this group in policy decision making has made it difficult for government to effectively address the issue of poverty reduction. There is glaring evidence that government has not been able to align itself with the aspiration of the unretentive. For example, Friedman and Mckaiser allege that the Centre for form _or_ system of government Studies reported that in the early 1990s, government devoted a lot of energy to formulate policies that will extend housing mortgage to the poor in spite of clear evidence that the poor were not enkindle in mortgage facilities.The lack of identity with the grassroots has some negatively charged implications for the civil society organisations. F irst, the gap has prevented them from building a relationship of dedicate amongst the ordinary people, to enable the civil society organisations garner support to challenge governments policies which are deemed to be anti people. Friedman and Mckaiser argue that there is a belief amongst South African grassroots that civil society organisations are elitists and many are sceptical about their motives for organizing pro- poor campaign. Secondly, the void in relationship has prevented them from building a well -informed society which can engage government on issues of national developments. For example, it is reported that many poor communities in South Africa erroneously belief that private companies and not government provide drunkenness water and as such are responsible for their inability to approach path water.On the other hand, some evidence exists to show that civil society organisations actually identify with the plight of the poor. For example, between 1990 and 2009, civil society organisations like COSATU and its allies made some efforts to address the issue of poverty reduction through Basic Income Grant Campaign (Friedman and Mckaiser). The problem however appears to be that their inability to embed themselves amongst the grassroots, have prevented them from fully appreciating the struggles of the poor and from effectively representing the poor. other handicap to some civil society organisations role in good governance in South Africa is in the area of political railroad tie to the ruling party. For example, COSATU which is deemed to be the largest civil society organisation in South Africa is an ally of the ANC. COSATU is seen as been reluctant to form a coalition with other civil society organisations on issues which might appear to be overcritical of the ruling ANC government, even when they are in the best interest of the masses. It is maintain that COSATU tend to highlight the governments achievements, while keeping mute in the areas of it s failures (Friedman and Mckaiser). once again this point underscores the importance of political autonomy by civil society organisations if they are to play their roles as watchdogs effectively.Civil society organisations in South Africa have recorded some degree of success in the area of influencing governments policy on women liberation. Tripp (2001) argues that political changes in the early 1990s coupled with campaigns by civil society organisation transformed the face of womens activism in Africa. According to her, the development opened the door for women to be engaged in civic education, leadership training and run for political office. The most owing(p) example in South Africa is Winnie Mandela, former wife of ex- president Nelson Mandela who repugn for office under the ANC in year 2009.ConclusionFlowing from the above, civil society organizations have had a positive impact in ensuring good governance in some aspects in South Africa, but in others, they have not done so well. Several reasons are responsible for their limited impact. First, their inabilities to disentangle themselves politically and financially from the ruling ANC party have led to some compromise. For example, COSATU has failed to engage the ANC government on issues that would project it as being disloyal to its close ally (the ANC), even when those issues might be in the interest of the society at large. Second, their inabilities to deepen their roots amongst the poor and effectively represent the grassroots in national debates constitute an obstacle. Third, their zest to devote much of their energy / resources only to pursue individual concerns / interests, while neglecting to uphold civil liberties, democratic principles and structures poses a threat to their very survival.If civil society organisations are to effectively play their roles in securing good governance in South Africa, they need to severe close ties with the ruling party, source for foreign donor institutions for financial support and re -strategize domestically to have a strong home support to be able to uphold democratic principles, defend the rights of the people and make government accountable to the people.

Treating Conjuctival Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Treating Conjuctival visual Surface Squamous NeoplasiaINTERFERON local MMC and 5-fluorouracil see been physical exercised to reduce coming back rates when used as an adjunct to working(a) undercut and as a essential manipulation however, their use quite a little be associated with marked visual approach toxicity. local (1.000.000 IU/ ml/ four times a day) or subconjuctival INF alfa 2b (3 million IU/ml/ hebdomadly) bring been employed to continue CIN. In general, local INF of import-2b is salubrious tolerated. Subconjunctival organization presents more side of meat effectuate as flu-like symptoms ( wear down, fever, myalgias, malaise) and mild liver disturbancesi. local anesthetic conjunctival jibe and follicular conjunctivitis are the ab out oft account side effects 17 after local administration. lighting and increase of CIN volume without ocular discomfort have been reported in a caseii. Fine, diffuse, clear epithelial microcysts in the cornea after in wi thalation of local interferon a-2b have recently documented in otherwise caseiii local INF important 2-b, nearlytimes combined with subconjunctival INF of import 2-b, seems to be effective as chief(a) discourse for CIN, in recurrent cases, and likewise in re intercession after recurrence when INF has been used preceding(prenominal)ly for a short period of time. Approximately, 9% of CIN enured with subconjunctival and/or topical INF important 2b showed recurrences, and 33 % of them were successfully pull a charge with topical IFN of import 2b91. For INF alpha 2b topical word, the average time to actualize neoplasm reply is 11 weeks (range 2-59). For INF alpha 2b subconjunctival and topical discourse, the average time to roll in the hay neoplasm response is 5.5 weeks (range 2-12),91. Previous studies run aground the same observationiv.The time to clinical law of closure using topical INF alpha 2-b was longer (11.6 weeks) that the combined intralesional and topica l interferon (4.5 weeks), but that INF alpha 2b treatment involved fewer side effects. In general, it seems that the disadvantage with topical treatment is the long duration. We must emphasize the richness of long term execute for CIN patients because recurrences can occur anywhere from 33 days to 11.5 yearsv, although most recurrent CIN occurs within 2 years of initial excisionvi. Many surgeons add adjunctive topical therapy to their operative politicsns for cosmicr lesions100. However, alone sizes of lesions could be treated with topical INF alpha as the primary treatment because it is an effective, non-invasive treatment alternative to working(a) number that increases quality of carriage with low costsvii. Actually, no clear consensus on the best way to manage the disorder has been established, because long-term, well designed studies are still needed. However, two recent studies have turn to the above questions and confirmed the effectiveness of this topical therapy for CIN. The starting signal paper 17 demonstrated total resolution of the neoplasm in 96.4% of cases treated with INF alfa 2b with a taut follow through of 42.4 months. The second study viiidemonstrated that topical treatment with INF and surgical excision have the same effectiveness as primary treatment for CIN for a mean re inquiry of 35.6 months. The authors concluded that topical IFN alfa-2b and aggressive surgical excision can be considered equally effective as initial choice for treating CIN. topical INF alfa-2b has some advantages over conventional excision, including the reduction of happen to loose limbal stem kiosks secondary to surgical trauma and, thus, compromising the faithfulness of the ocular surface. This therapeutic mode can be recommended particularly for patients who obviate any type of process, or mentally retarded patients in whom surgery is complicated as well as extended cases where an aggressive excision could cause the loss of limbal stem cellu lar phones94. Topical INF or subconjunctival INF remains a controversial issue. A recent report 103 concluded that subconjunctival 0.5 ml guessing of 3 million IU IFN alfa 2b is a viable medical exam alternative for the treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) with a mean duration of follow-up of 55 months. The authors state that the advantages of perilesional INF alfa 2b injection include more rapid tumor resolution, ensured compliance, and whitethornhap more direct delivery to the tumor site when compared with topical INF drops. However, some patients may be apprehensive about receiving injections around the eye and may prefer eye drops. A single weekly injection of INF may have go bad compliance than 4 eye-drops per day dosing for a mean of three months in many patients. Direct delivery to the tumor site may occur in well-localized lesions, while annular lesions or multifocal ailment requires injection over the entire involved area, Increasing the risk of conju nctival haemorrhage. By contrast, topical therapy is delivered to the entire ocular surface and has very estimable success rates. Topical therapy could be recommended for patients who reject any surgical procedure or those who are apprehensive about injections.. Weekly subconjunctival INF alpha 2b cleverness be an alternative in resistant cases of CIN or recurrent conjunctival papillomatosis avoiding a mutilating surgeryix x A low-molecular weight glycoprotein, produced by leukocytes, has antineoplastic and antiviral properties. It slows the cellular growth cycle and enhances the bodys immune response against tumor cells. The FDA has ap be IFN-a2b for the treatment of several conditions, including hairy cell leukemia. IFN-a2b therapy can be utilized as topical drops or subconjunctival injections. With drops, clinical resolution unremarkably takes place with a mean time of about 12 weeks. Subconjunctival injection in addition topical IFN-a2b helps to initiate non-invasive effectiv e treatment for CCIN with speedy resolution time i.e. 6 weeks. In one study, the overall response rate was 96.4 percent, and the recurrence rate was 3.7 percent after one year. The regime for topical IFN-a2b drops with a concentration of 1 million IU/mL (1 M.I.U) or 3 million IU/mL (3 M.I.U), applied four times nonchalant or through subconjunctival route via injections as 3M.I.U million IU/0.5 mL, administered weekly. No epochal clinical impact has been demonstrated on dose difference. When given in topical melodic line, IFN-a2b is generally well tolerated and has stripped-down side effects. However the general effects reported so far include, mild fever, myalgia and fatigue specially after subconjunctival injections. This s can be well managed with ibuprofen. Topical IFN-A2b therapy is somehow gentle to ocular surface in terms of minimum drug epitheliopathy and patients have better compliance to IFN-A2b drops when compared to other topical chemotherapeutical agents , even if used for 12 weeks or more. No punctal plugs are needed.In summary, interferon -2b is better alternative option for topical chemotherapy that has been used in patients with CCIN .This therapy appears to provide dissolving agents standardized to topical chemotherapy but may be less toxic to the regular epithelium or the cornea and conjunctiva.OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONSOther treatment options in the prudence of conjuctival OSSN include topical retinoids,cidofovir and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Topical unguent of trans-reinoic acid (0,01%)showed bring about resolution of CIN in 20% of cases, whereas 40% showed only partialresponsexi. This treatment may be then only adjuvant to surgery reverting of diffuse conjunctival CIN was demonstrated following a 6 week course of topical cidofovir eye drops (2.5 mg/ml) with later residual lesion after surgical excisionxii.Following PDT, using verteporfin, a complete clinical CIN retroflexion, supported with angiographic evidence, has been repor ted at 1 month, without any recurrence for a mean follow-up of 8.6 monthsxiii. Likewise, histopathological evidence showing tumor regression following treatment with PDT in a patient with in situ CIN has been reportedxiv.MATERIALS AND METHODSOur study is a single relate descriptive case series and was carried out at department of ophthalmology, Lahore worldwide Hospital, a tertiary care hospital affiliated with Post tweak Medical Institute (PGMI) Lahore from March 2014 to August 2014. A total of cl cases were operated upon during the study period and all the cases were reviewed for at least six months to tonus for signs of recurrence. All the patients were pre operatively examined on slit lamp and those patients with either a pterygium or inflamed eyes or with preceding(prenominal)ly excised and treated suspicious growths were excluded from the study. The risks and benefits of the study were discussed with the patients. Personal profile of the patients along with the contact poetry of the patients was noted. All the data was recorded on a pre-designed proformaDISCUSSIONOcular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a spectrum of disease, on which few of the large series have been documented to address the role of chemotherapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia, none in particular from the Pakistan, especially the role of interferon therapy in perplexity of OSSN.As the CCIN is highly recurrent tumors, many re attenders have made efforts to bring a treatment modality with minimum invasive therapy and side effects to treat OSSN. In our study the rate of recurrence was which is quiet similar to the results in achieved in one study105 i.e rate of recurrence was 10.9% and and 5-year recurrence rate was 18.5%xv and the most significant factors found to result recurrence were tumor size and first treatment given. However, surprisingly grading invasiveness of disease and positive margins for tumor were found less statist ically significant in tumor recurrence. In constituent with ongoing research as the primary treatment therapy to treat OSSN, the interferon has proved to be most reliable drug in terms of overbearing the tumor growth, preventing its recurrence and preserving the ocular surface with minimal side effects. The mitomycinC (MMC) 0.02%-0.04% is still being used for the treatment of OSSN as a part of topical therapy because of its role in lowering the recurrence rate. The standard treatment for CCIN is surgical. out-of-pocket to the risk of recurrence and depending on the tumor free margins, adjuvant treatment like chemotherapy, cryotherapy and even radiotherapy has been used. Topical 5-fluorouracil and MMC have been used to pick at recurrence when used as an adjunct to surgical excision however, their use even in the topical formulation can be associated with ocular surface toxicity. Thus, intervention with interferon alpha 2b to treat the tumor established medical regime and thus alt ernative to surgical procedures for the treatment of CIN with more benefits, especially in reducing tumor recurrence, and multiple surgies can be avoided. This wise chemotherapeutic drug is being used to avoid visits of the operation discipline and is useful in decreasing the potential risk of stem cell loss and scarring of limbal area. Till to date, there are no comparative studies of this topical regime combined with surgical resection, cryotherapy and additional chemotheray in the literature. This therapy is especially recommended in conditions where patients deny undergoing any surgical procedure, patient is mentally retarded and also in patients with extensive involvement of tumor ,when to perform a surgery seems difficult, and in advanced cases where a surgical procedure may result in limbal stem cell depletion. As the role of interferon in previous studies to reduce recurrence is demonstrated, it has a substantial advantage in excising reinvigorated tumor. The clinician an d patient should outweigh the, duration of treatment, cost of therapy and possible side effects while deciding to initiate the primary treatment of CIN with INF alpha 2b. Topical interferon is well tolerated in terms of lower epithelial toxicity. However, via Subconjunctival route, encounters more side effects. In a study, four of seven patients reported local conjunctival injection and follicular conjunctivitis but It was established, however, the folliculitis most likely resulted from vehicle, which contained glycerin benzyl alcohol 0.09%,, and human albumin, and not the INF alpha 2b itselfxvi. Topical INF alpha 2b, added with subconjunctival INF alpha 2b, seems to be effective as primary treatment for CIN, in recurrent cases but also in recurrent cases where interferon has been used previously for a short time.six patients out of 66 treated with subconjunctival and/or topical INF alpha 2b had recurrences. Two of them were successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. another (prenominal) one achieved complete remission after intra- and perioperative MMC.For INF alpha 2b topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response was 11weeks (range, 2-59). The average follow-up was 13.3months (range, 3-40), and only three patients out of 45 had recurrences. One of them was successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b.For INF alpha 2b subconjunctival and topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response was 5.5weeks (range, 2-12). The average follow-up was 22.5months (range, 7.2-91), and only three patients out of 21 had recurrences. One of them was successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. Another one achieved complete remission after intra- and perioperative MMC.Karpet al.xviidescribed the time for clinical resolution using INF alpha 2b was much longer (11.6weeks) than in their own previous studyxviiiin which they combined intralesional and topical interferon (4.5weeks), and also reported that INF alpha 2b treatment resulted in fewer side effects. One recurrence after treatment with 2weeks of INF alpha 2b was newly treated with topical INF alpha 2b for 8months with successxix. In general, it seems that the disadvantage of this form of treatment is the long duration. The only safe method of gauging when to stop the treatment is the disappearance of the lesion in the slit lamp examination. However the latest modality to search for early recurrence is based on ultra high-resolution former segment optical coherence imaging in the diagnosis and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasiaxx. Therefore, It is important to emphasize to council the patients for the importance of long-term follow-up for CIN patients because recurrences can occur anywhere from 33days to 11.5yearsxxi, although most recurrent CIN occurs within 2years of initial excisionxxii. The mode of onset of the tumor can even masquerade as pterygium without giving any clue of clinical suspicion and the biopsies of the recurrent pterygium have shown to be squamous cell carcinoma on histopathology. So, every specimen of pterygium should be investigated for histopathologic examination and biopsies where OSSN is found should be examined more frequently for development of clinical signs of OSSN, therefrom identified and treated at an early stagexxiii. To determine the judicious loony toons of using interferon relative to the tumor size, Vann and Karpxxivfound efficacy relationship which was dose parasitic achieved with the cumulative administration of topical therapy and subconjunctival injection for the treatment of CIN. Chenet al.xxv suggested that additive therapy with INF alpha 2b may be needed for all lesions to lower the recurrence, particularly if surgical excision seems not to ensure tumor-free margins in large sized tumors, topical INF alpha 2b may result in limited tumor regression due to lack of insufficient drug penetration. However instead of introducing large dose of intralesional INF alpha 2b, excisiona l biopsy to decrease tumor mass should be performed. The big lesions require repeated subconjunctival/perilesional injections, but it is suggested that smaller or residual lesions can be managed with topical therapy alone. Other authors have described the effect of tumor size on the choice of therapyxxvi. Many surgeons advise additional topical therapy to their surgical regimens for larger lesionsxxvii and the topical IFN-alpha2b plays effective role for recurrent tumors as it avoids the risks of further destruction to stem cells around limbus as mostly other agents and surgical excision result .However, If biopsy exhibits invasiveness at any stage, topical therapy is contraindicated, surgical excision should be performedxxviii.However, when there is a recurrence after INF alpha 2b treatment, an alternative could be intraoperative MMC, as described by Hawkinset al xxix. In our experienceall lesion with large tumor size can be treated with topical interferon as the primary therapy b ecause of its effectiveness, non-invasiveness, and an alternative regime avoiding surgery that enhances quality of life and is also cost effective. Today, no clear consensus on the best way to manage the disorder has been established, because long-term, well-designed studies are still needed.iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxixiixiiixivxv Maudgil A,Patel T,Rundle P,Rennie IG,Mudhar HS- Ocular surface squamous neoplasia summary of 78 cases from a UK ocular oncology centre.Br J Ophthalmol 97 (12) 1520-4xvi Schechter BA, Schrier A, Nagler RS, SmithEF, Velasquez GE. Regression of presumed primary conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia with topical interferon alpha-2b. Cornea, 2002216-11.xvii Karp CL, Moor JK, Rosa RH Jr. Treatment of conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia with topical interpferon alpha-2b. Ophthalmology, 20011081093-8.xviii Vann RR, Karp CL. Perilesional and topical interferon alfa 2b for conjuntival and corneal neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 199910691-7.xix M orgenstern KE, Givan J, Wiley LA. Long-term adminstration of topical interferon alfa-2b in the treatment of conjunctival squamous papilloma. Arch Ophthalmol, 20031211052-3.xx doubting Thomas BJ,Galor A,Nanji AA,El Sayyad F,Wang J,Dubovy SR,Joag MG,Karp CL- Ultra high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Ocul Surf 12 (1) 46-58xxi Tabin G, Levin S, Snibson G, LoughnanM, Taylor H. Late recurrences and the necessity for long-term follow-up in corneal and conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 1997104485-92.xxii Schechter BA, Nagler RS, Schrier A. Recurrent intraepithelial neoplasia treatment. Ophthalmology, 20051121319.xxiii Pterygium and associated ocular surface squamous neoplasia.Hirst LW,Axelsen RA,Schwab I- Arch. Ophthalmol. 127 (1) 31-2xxiv Vann RR, Karp CL. Perilesional and topical interferon alfa 2b for conjuntival and corneal neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 199910691-7.xxv Ch en HC, Chang SW, Huang SF. adjunctive treatment with interferon alpha-2b may decrease the risk of papilloma-associated conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm recurrence. Cornea, 200423726-9.xxvi Stone DU, back AL, Chodosh J. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Cornea, 200524297-300xxvii Stone DU, Butt AL, Chodosh J. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Cornea, 200524297-300.xxviii Holcombe DJ,Lee GA- Am. J. Ophthalmol. opical interferon alfa-2b for the treatment of recalcitrant ocular surface squamous neoplasia 142 (4) 568-71xxix Hawkins AS, Yu J, Hamming NA, Rubenstein JB. Treatment of recurrent conjunctival papillomatosis with mytomycin C. Am J Ophthalmol, 1999128638-40.

The black sox scandal of 1919

The black sox scandal of 1919IntroductionDuring the First knowledge base warfare, gambling was rampant(ip) in the United States and batching blues was either assumed as benign or tolerated. The worse was to come during the post-war period. With the closure of horse tracks, the bettors and all their accompl rubbishs shifted to their local baseball game pitches where they practiced the dirty feisty. They cunningly spread rumors of pin downes and/or injuries in a bid to move the odds in wizard substance or the other (Zumsteg 182). The lowworld operations between gamblers and other tentative characters with teams, players and funs facilitated the fix of a 1919 universe serial Championship. Little known Cincinnati sanguine Stockings emerged victorious over the indomitable Chicago White Sox because the latter threw the game for the want of m iodiny. This paper looks at the background of the scandal, how stinginess the scandalous Sox boss conduct his players to party with gamblers. The figures behind the scum area withal mentioned to situateher with the use they compete to make it a success. discipline relegatings exile of the eight conspirators from the game for life is one of the devastating consequences of the scandal. Lastly, it briefly looks at the profile of Joe capital of Mississippi and Eddie Cicotte.The Background of the greaseThe prototypic ever orb serial baseball game was played in the year 1903. Prior to that, a Mr. William C. tabernacle in a bid to popularize baseball offered a computer backup trophy to the winner and the first runners-up of the depicted object League in the 1894 best-of-seven-game serial publication. In 1901, the American League was established a move that surprised the insiders of the National League. A cold war ensued between the ii teams where for each one unify competed amongst its own members. Eventually, a cut across was made two long time subsequent called the National Agreement. This deal other than turn uplining baseballs employment, salary and travel packages, it produced a blueprint that merged the two into a major league which has been in place up to today (Baseball Almanac para. 4).In the 1903 World Series that preceded the deal, Pittsburgh (from the defunct National League) was competing with Boston (from the defunct American League). some(prenominal) teams were topping their erstwhile leagues and were to measure the prowess of the each other under one umbrella. This debut attracted the interest of the American folks and from then thereofforth, the attendance of master copyly played baseball games soared more than so in the post-World War I period. Following this growing interest on the game, the 1919 World Series was anticipated with baited breaths and considering that the season had recorded huge attendance, one is left to opine for ones self the anxiety that was rife (Meyer para. 2).Most funs of baseball games got involved in gambling about the outcome of a game and great games attracted professional gamblers. At this time, the post-war depression was setting in hence public despondency about the economy. Racial tensions were high, and people generally were in a loony bin mood. It hence came as no surprise that the players of the Chicago White Sox, similarly known as the Black Sox, fell prey to the traps of arch-gamblers of the time in persons of William Thomas (a.k.a. Sleepy Bill), Billy Maharg, and Billy Burns (Meyer para. 3).The Die Is p becomeer castAs has been mentioned preceding(prenominal), the 1919 World Series charged the atmosphere before the true game. The two teams to compete were the Chicago White Sox and the Cincinnati Red Stockings. Two years ago the Chicago White Sox had emerged the winners of 1917 World Series in accompaniment they had won 8 out of the last 9 World Series. That very(prenominal) year on September 24th they had clinched the pennant and hence were slated to be the likely winners of the years World Series. Therefore people were clean on the loss of Cincinnati Red Stockings. This scenario was fertile for the operations of the wily gamblers. wise to(p) that almost everyone was touting for the Chicago White Soxs win, reversing their position against the multitude would attract more money but some underdog deal had to be done to get the money.The internal dissension that characterized the Chicago White Sox players partly contributed to their vulnerability to the gamblers. First, among the players themselves there were two factions one for the better-schooled members and the other for the ignorant members. Secondly there was a uniform resentment towards the club president Charles Comiskey. He was said to be underpaying his players fashioning Chicago White Sox the poorly paying team in that period. In fact, it is said that the team acquired the name Black Sox when they continuously played with filthy jerseys after Comiskey had refused to bill their laundry instead he asked each player to bill his. Seeing that his order was turned down, he resorted to disappearance a fraction of each players salary to bill the laundry. However, no postulate has yet substantiated this claim. Again it was said that he used to make promises of fiscal value to his players but in the long run he either reneged or shortchanged the player(s). Eddie Cicotte, pitcher, for example was to be awarded a bonus of roughly US$ 10,000 upon winning thirty games. Cicotte had won his twenty-ninth game and was then comprise for his thirtieth win but was deliberately benched by his boss to stave off awarding the bonus (Weiler 36).mayhap the gamblers might remove known the thwarting that was sickening the players. It argued that one member of the squad by the name Arnold Gandil (a.k.a. Chick) the first baseman who was known to have a protracted clandestine relationship with the gangsters was approached with the offer. together with his colleague Cicotte they endorsed the deal and sort for more recruits since fixing a game of that category could non just be fixed by two players. Here it can be inferred that Gandils dubious temperament might have led him to accepting the deal but Cicotte was out for a strike back against his boss who cunningly denied him his bonus. Because they were offered US$ 100,000 to divide among themselves this was an opportunity to make an excess dollar. The duo drawn from the illiterate faction of the team went fishing for instinctive conspirators from among their group. Pitcher Claude Williams (a.k.a. Lefty), shortstop Charles Risberg (a.k.a. Swede), and outfielder Oscar Felsch (a.k.a. Happy) were recruited. But infielder Fred McMullin forced himself into the group after he had secretly learned about it. He demanded that unless he was allowed in, he would report. An taste to enlist Buck Weaver, the third baseman was futile for he refused outright to be a part of the complicity. The involvement of Joe capital of Mississippi, the star outfielder, in the conspiracy has been gain give tongue to ever since the scandal came to be known. Some sources say that being illiterate capital of Mississippi participated in the deal with little knowledge of its repercussions, while others say that he received threats from some team members, yet some say that he did not participate at all (Albert, Bennett Cochran 84). It is said that Joe capital of Mississippi was included in the plot so as to give credibleness to the gamblers that the deal was sealed. Being one of the greatest hitters in the game, his presence was very vital for it spelt success to the conspirators.In first game, Eddie Cicotte beam as the first batter of the game thereby sending signals to the other conspirators that the fix was on. As one would expect, the Chicago White Sox lose 9-1 in quite an a a suspicious manner. The following day still there was no im conjurement not only in the scores but besides in the fashion in which they were playing and for this reason the team disjointed 4-2 to the Cincinnati Red Stockings. However in Game 3 there was a hitch occurred that pushed the White Sox to the top. A player of modest dexterity by the name Dickey Kerr, a member of the White Sox squad draw the start of the game. Unaware of the fix, the strong lefthander player ignored the calls by his scandalous team mates to roll over, instead he threw a three hit 3-0 that saved the White Sox from getting out of the lean (Baseball Almanac para. 2).The turn of events made the Cincinnati Red Stocking players to intensify their soaking up and focus. Having no idea that the game was being thrown, they pitched back-to-back shutouts during the twenty-five percent and the fifth games. Jimmy Ring steered them into winning the fourth game by 2-0 while Hod Ellers (5-0) ensured that the fifth game was taken by the Reds. Ordinarily the series would have ended at that point with the Reds win. But the commissioner of baseball all-embracing it to a b est-of-nine competition arguing that the intense following of the series during the postwar warranted more games for the entertainment of funs (Baseball Almanac para. 3). The following two games were won by the White Sox (5-4 and 4-1) arguably because they wanted to contain more skepticism. objective drama was experienced in the final game where the Cincinnati Red Stockings literally dominated the game. The White Sox players who were complicity resolved to let them loose, throwing the game to the opponent at 10 to 1 (Meyer para. 7). The Cincinnati had been aided to win their first ever World Championship in their debut into the series.After the game had been lost as expected the money was to be shared among the participants. The principal plotters reaped a unspoilt sum Gandil received US$ 35,000 Risberg got US$ 15,000 and Cicotte US$10,000. Others were given quite a raw deal Williams Jackson, McMullin and Felsch each got US$ 5,000. Gandil who was the ring leader refused to divid e the spoils to Weaver arguing that he had failed to support the others in facilitating the fix (Chermak Bailey 9). Lefty Williams was sent with an envelop containing US$ 5,000 to give to Shoeless Jackson who turned it down. Rather than keeping the money, Williams threw it on the ground and left. The following day, Jackson decided to go and see his boss Comiskey with the money. Unfortunately for him, Mr. Comiskey was not in his office but his assistant Mr. Harry Grabiner was. He showed the money to Grabiner explaining its origin. Perhaps this was how the saga reached Charles Comiskey (Meyer para. 10).Trial and Banning of the ConspiratorsFollowing the increased cases of gambling in baseball, the National Commission chairman talked taste Charles McDonald into convening a grand panel in Cook County, Illinois to investigate the matter though the real target was to look into the 1919 World Series. In September 22nd, 1920, the grand jury convened and players from the major league who h ad heard of the fix testified against the Black Sox players of the previous series. Eddie Cicotte broke the ice by confessing his guilt to Comiskeys attorney Alfred Austrian. Shoeless Jackson and Williams also followed effort and confessed. Those involved were revealed and Comiskey suspend them as a result of the overwhelming show up and implications. Ultimately, the grand jury indicted the eight players for conspiring to injure the business of Comiskey as hale as to defraud the public (Chermak Bailey 9).The baseball governing body was dealt a blow by these confessions and indictments. They were forced to do something and save the image of the game. In the public eye, they had failed to contain evil gamblers and dubious players from ruining baseball. In an effort to save its face, the then incumbent chairman resigned and Kenesaw M. Landis, a Federal Judge was appointed. The criminal trial was made against the eight players but the jury assoil then arguing that no evidence had been put forward that they assay to defraud the public. Despite of this verdict, Landis banned the eight from playing baseball for life. He arguedRegardless of the verdict of juries, no player that throws a ball game, no player that entertains proposals or promises to throw a game, no player that sits in a conference with a bunch of crooked players and gamblers where the ways and means of throwing games are discussed, and does not promptly tell his club about it, will ever play professional baseball (Baseball Almanac para. 3).In deed the eight players did not participate in any warlike baseball game until their deaths. Weaver was also banned because although he had not participated he knew of the plot but failed to report it.Shoeless Joe JacksonHe was one of the best hitters the game had ever had. As has been said, his involvement in the scandal is controversial. In fact, Walter Johnson who was once a Washington pitcher confessed that he considered Joe Jackson the greatest natura l baseball player. His credibility had not been crooked before and the gusto and talent with which he was playing his position endeared him to a lot of funs. During the 1919 World Series against the Cincinnati Reds, his action did not raise suspicion for he is the one who the single score that Black Sox had in the last game with the Reds. In the series he is said to have batted .375 .71 points above his previous World Series in which he had 12 hits intermission the World Series record, hitting the only homerun in the entire World Series (Meyer para 8).But his confessions to the grand jury of his participation in the scandal as well as the envelop that he showed to Mr. Grabiner prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was a complicity, withal passive. For this reason he could not be immune from Landis ban and therefore had to live the rest of his life after the incident without playing his dearie game.Eddie CicotteHe was the assistant of Gandil in the Chicago White Sox squad and o ne of the arch-plotters of the scandal. It is said that after the First World War the club was favourable yet players were being underpaid. The manager William (a.k.a. Kid) tried to appeal to the owner Comiskey for the players monetary relief but he refused. Comiskeys coldness particularly infuriated Cicotte who was one of the best performers (Broeg 64).Gandil heavily influenced Cicottes participation in the scandal that would ruin his course for the rest of his life. He gave in to the idea if he would get US$ 10, 000. Many historians contend that his intentions were secondary to the money but primary to a revenge on his boss Comiskey who had denied him the bonus. As a matter of fact, he was the one who opened the first game by batting out 9-1, and deliberately lost the fourth game 2-0 by committing two errors in a single inning. In the seventh game, he was probably a little disturbed by his conscience and as such had a double-cross along the line and won, 4-1 (Broeg 64).Eddie Ci cotte was the player who confessed his participation in the scandal making others to follow suit. After the ban, he moved to Detroit Michigan to become a game warden and a security guard at a traverse assembly plant till his retirement (Broeg 65).ConclusionThe Black Sox Scandal shook the entire fabric of baseball fraternity. Changes that were made to the National Commission leadership immediately after the discovery of the scum endeavored to redeem the reputation and the professionalism of the sport. The eight players that orchestrated it were the major casualties of the radical change that followed. The aim of the ban was a signal not only to players of baseball but also to those in other games that the sporting world requires persons of integrity and would ruthlessly deal with crooked ones.The scandal completely changed the image of the Chicago White Sox and they had to grasp for forty years before winning another World Series. The performance became so dismal that fans started claiming that the team was jinxed by the scandal. World Series of the year 2005 was the last one they won in the recent history. kit and caboodle CitedBaseball Almanac. World Series History. Retrieved on April 7, 2010 from Albert Jim, Bennett Jay, Cochran James. Anthology of statistics in sports 2005, Cambridge University Press, London.Broeg, Bob. Eddie Cicotte Paid His Debt in Full Baseball Digest August 1969, 28 (7), pp. 64.Chermak, Steven Bailey, Frankie. Crimes and Trials of the Century From the Black Sox Scandal to the Attica prison riots 2007, Greenwood Publishing Group, advanced York.Meyer, Jake. The Black Sox Scandal, n.d. Retrieved on April 7, 2010 from Weiler, Paul. take the Playing Field How the Law Can Make Sports Better for Fans, 2001, Harvard University Press, New York.Zumsteg, Derek. The Cheaters Guide to Baseball 2007, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York.

Counter Culture of the US Hippie Movement

Counter Culture of the US hippie motilityWhat was the look for culture that was created in the USA during the Hippie Movement?Americans were do by the Vietnam pit, racial injustice, fear of nuclear destruction, and the materialism of capitalist fiat to start rebelling against authority and start what would be known as the mid-sixties counterculture. legion(predicate) were likewise inspired by heap such as John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Ghandi. The Hippie movement started during the 1960s, when young shopping center class men and women questioned Americas materialism and cultural and semipolitical norms. Seeking a better world, the 1960s Hippie movement began, and with it, the counter culture. The counterculture of the 1960s began in the United States as a result of the mercenary cordial norms of the 1950s, the Cold War, and the intervention in Vietnam of the military. The counter culture consisted in questioning political and cultural norms, new mu sic, having devotions outside Judeo-Christian tradition, the fatality for ataraxis, much environmental certifiedness, changes in attitude some gender roles, little concern most marri get along with and physical appearance and the search for a utopian lifestyle. William Braden, a contemporary observer said, the era of the 1960s was an age of Aquarius that heralded a new American identity-a collective identity that forget be blacker, more than feminine, more oriental, more emotional, more intuitive, more overflowing and better than the old one. The counterculture made American society change it was a step closer to society as we know it today.As a result of the strict and conservative education that galore(postnominal) parents were inflicting in their children in the 1950s, some young deal decided to go against social norms and undertake for releasedom. With this counter culture they seeked change for the society they lived in and for societies of the future. These y oung wad became known as hippies. They overly wanted everyone to be free and to be tolerant of other races and cultures. They wanted to live in a imperturbable and shared comm amity. Many embraced psychedelic drugs and smoked marijuana in estately concern to go against the political science. hipsters caused various riots and movement in expensive and esteemed universities in influence to have more publicity. Movements such as the free speech movement in University of California, Berkeley became an effective direction of ch altoge in that locationnging authorities and get full coverage on the media. Riots were against foreign policies, out-of-pocket to the Vietnam War, their offer was to make it known that wars were ineffective and not worth it. This upset numerous people such as workers, one said, Here were those kids, rich kids who could go to college, didnt have to fight, they are telling you your son died in vain. It makes you feel your all told life is shit, just no thing. Truth is, hippies wanted to make a change, so they rioted and made movements to get their views of freedom, peace and love known.An important broker that was image of the counter culture that the hippies started was music, different kinds of music were first-class honours degree to disseminate up to the world during the 1960s as a focal point to show freedom. Many festivals and concerts took place during the 1960s to reflect this counter culture, the nearly important one, however, is The Woodstock Music and Art Fair, held in upstate New York in August 1969. For the hippies this meant, terce days of generosity, peace, colossal music, inflammation, and expanding consciousness, and for the conservatists of the time it meant three days of self-indulgence, noise, promiscuity, and illegal drug use. The promoters were expecting a lot of people unless not the 300,000 to 400,000 people who att cease. Rock music and bands were starting to get more popular with groups such as The Beatles which reflected the youths emphasis on change and experimentation. Singers such as Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin who talked about change, freedom and peace in their songs besides emphasized the hippies want for change and freedom. With his song Blowin in the raise Bob Dylan was able to make protest songs number one hits. Its lyrics say, How many another(prenominal) times must the cannonballs fly, sooner theyre forever banned? How many deaths will it take till he knows that too many people have died? Music was a way of expressing thoughts and this was what the counter culture was all about, people started listening to songs that talked about poverty, war, and everyday issues that hippies wanted to change.Hippies looked for change, this in like manner included change of religion, and they were sick of the traditional Judeo-Christian religion and started to look for other religions that resembled their beliefs. Many hippies converted to religions such as Buddhism, Hinduis m and Native American religious culture. They thought that these religions would give them inner peace and it made them stand out and break away from the traditional religion that their parents followed. They looked for meditation, yoga, and mysticism in these religions in order to have a unruffled and calm mind. This was a change because before these religions were only popular in Asia and this was another way for the hippies to reach inner fulfillment.The motto of the Hippie movement, is with no doubts peace, love and freedom. Hippies had anti war protests in many knowned colleges around the United States, such as Berkeley college, or they would protest in front of the White House saying antiwar slogans such as, Hey, hey, LBJ,(referring to Lyndon Baines Johnson the 36th death chair of the United States) how many kids did you kill today? or chanting funny farm no, we wont go when security would try to make them leave. The largest anti-war reflection in history was held when 250 ,000 people marched from the Capitol to the Washington Monument, once again, showing the unity of youth. Thither were also anti-war picture shows such as Dr. Strangelove, directed by Stanley Kubricks this movie ridicules the excesses of the Cold War, and was an anti-war film. Books were not left behind in the anti-war movement. Joseph Heller publish Catch-22, a novel about the inanities of the military in World War II. Hippies did not believe in war. They thought that it caused deaths for no reason, since there was no reason to fight for they believed that everything could be solved by sedate ways.The counter culture of the 1960s also included a great part of environmental awareness. Many people started to financial aid more about ecology and wanted to find out ways of how to help it. This is due to the work of Marsh and Hckel, it made environmental awareness photograph and it achieved environmental reforms be passed. Books also made people more aware of the environment. Rache ls Carsons Silent Spring in 1962 gave an eloquent warning against pesticides and environmental pollution. Rachel Carson said, Like the resource it seeks to protect, wildlife conservation must be dynamic, changing as conditions change, seeking always to become more effective. This message made Americans care more about the Earth and study it more. Environmental concern so became a popular social movement. As a result of the increase concern for the environment and the critiques the government was getting due to the destruction of forests. Many legislative reforms took place in this decennium, the most important and the ones who helped the most were the state of nature Act of 1964 and the Endangered Species Act of 1967. These acts signaled a new era of environmental consciousness due to the belief that man was not the owner of the earth precisely was just a guest. The Wilderness Act said that humans were no more than visitors on land, and the Endangered Species Act, alleged that, nonhuman beings were tending(p) the legal right to exist. The 1960s movement for environmental preservation is a confirmation of how aware people became of the environment.Women in the 1950s were expected to be good mothers and wives, but women in the 1960s were the total opposite, they craved for a change in gender roles, to have freedom and will to do what they liked. This desire came with a new decade in which whirling and social change was taking place. Many women started to challenge the authority of their parents by vesture short miniskirts, smoking and drinking in public, much like the flappers of the 1920s, but with the exception that the skirts were much shorter and what they smoked were not only cigarettes. These actions, though they touched controversy, it was not the greatest challenge against conservatives women would live openly with men before marriage, and many also joined the work force, as a way to defy traditional thoughts. All these women were inspired by B etty Friedans The feminine Mystique which was a book that was a huge seller, and it helped initiate a renaissance of feminism. The Feminine Mystique argued that women should be allowed to find their own identity, and not just be limit to the roles of wife and mother. Betty Friedans said, When she stopped conforming to the conventional picture of femininity she at last began to enjoy being a woman. This statement was actually very powerful, since it initiated many women to fight for their right and stand out from the traditional image of being mothers and wives. In 1966, a new organization for woman was created in order to address issues such as having federal aid for day-care centers for working mothers who did not want to leave their babies alone and had no one to care for them. It also guaranteed women the right to an abortion if they did not want to have a baby, and they also worked on eliminating gender-based job discrimination, including equal pay and equal opportunities in wear force. This organization was the National Organization for Women ( NOW.) The 1960s counterculture included the liberation of women and a new found freedom for them, for the first time, women were stepping out of traditional ideas and struggle for equality in the work force.The counter culture of the 1960s also initiated a internal revolution, in which people were much more open about sex and sexual ideas. The pill was put into use during this decade and it assisted the spread of the sexual revolution. The use of other birth keep measures, such as diaphragms and IUDs, also increased. The famous magazine playboy introduced its Playboy Adviser column. This column offered explicit advice and guidance to readers who seeked new and more imaginative ways of having sexual intercourse. Soon, books and magazines started to include sex and sex discussions in their pages. Helen Gurley brownish wrote Sex and the Single Girl, which was a message of female sexual liberation that it later became Cosmopolitan magazine. Plays also played a great part in the sexual revolution, Hair was a rock musical that have frontal nudity, the play became a hit in New York and it was conclusion that times were changing. Giving in to change, sex shops were legalized in the 1960s, though they were restricted to men, it was still a great change for the time. Many people started to be more open minded, and the idea that a woman would not be able to find a husband if she was not a virgin, became absurd. With people being more open minded about sex, new sexual preferences started to become known such as homosexuals and lesbians. Although they were not fully true they started to push for rights and they achieved more than in the past decades. People started to be more casual about sex and less uncomfortable in discussing it. forwards the 1960s the word pregnant was forbidden on television. The sexual revolution was a huge part of the 1960s counter culture, because most of the changes t hat occurred in that time were because of this revolution.Though The Summer of Love took place over cardinal yearsago, its message is still significant and crucial to know and understand about the 1960s counterculture that the hippies incited. We get an idea of this with Abbie Hoffmans words, she said We are here to make a better world.No amount of rationalization or blaming can preempt the moment of choice each of us brings to our status here on this planet. The lesson of the 60s is that people who cared enough to do right could change history.We didnt end racism but we ended legal segregation.We ended the idea that you could send half-a-million soldiers around the world to fight a war that people do not support.We ended the idea that women are second-class citizens.We made the environment an issue that couldnt be avoided.The big battles that we won cannot be reversed. We were young, self-righteous, reckless, hypocritical, brave, silly, headstrong and scared half to death.And we were right.Counterculture of the mid-sixties- North Hagerstown High School A.P. U.S. Historyhttp//library.thinkquest.org/27942/counter.htmPrimary source Haight-Ashbury Maverick, Notes to Tourists hurtle Down Your Windows, newspaper article, 1967.

Essay --

The low child yellowish pink p sequenceant beginninged in America in the 1960s and started a major American trend. Back then, little girls were dressed up in their Sunday dress with no makeup, and no revealing clothe nonhing as extravagant as children are today. Child witness pageants are so popular here in the USA there is a reality show called Toddlers and Tiaras. This show shows what goes on from the start of a day to the end of the day. The show shows what contestants go through to get work for the pageant, how they are transformed to panorama like little adults. They try to typify older than they are and carry themselves in a way that is inauspicious of a little girl. stunner pageants are teaching little girls that how they look on the outside and flirting is how they win in life. Beauty pageants should be restricted for children under the age of 16.Beauty pageants are too agile for children, and sending the wrong message as what watcher should look like. B eauty pageants have little girls as young as 4 days old spending hours preparing for a competition. They put on as some(prenominal) makeup as an adult would wear. They have fake eyelashes, fake teeth, spraying tan, hair extensions, and some low cut outfit on, and then told to go on stage and impress the judges. If you are not a reliable size and maintain that size, you are considered unattractive so many girls start obsessing about their cant over at such a young age. They designedly starve themselves in order to stay at the appropriate weight in order to win. When contestants make light judgments of themselves, it can lead to poor self- esteem and to eating disorders. Restricting the age requirements on beauty pageants give take the pressure off children that do not want to participate. A pe... ...p, dancing and singing and winning awards for placing higher than the other children place. Advocates say this is a way they can earn money and scholarships and for coll ege. Is it right to teach children that beauty is solely based on what is on the outside, or should they know that beauty comes from within? Beauty pageants teach children at a young age that people will judge someone based on looks and not personality. For years, beauty pageants have been based on children wearing hairpieces, makeup, spray tans, and assumed teeth. Beauty pageants diminish self-esteem and teach children bad morals. Beauty pageants hold mental and physical harm to a child throughout a pageant. Beauty pageants should be restricted for children under the age of 16 their soft minds are not ready for the criticism that comes with the idea of being correct in the judges mind.

Phantom Limbs: Sensations When There Should be None Essay -- Biology E

Phantom Limbs Sensations When thither Should be NoneThe phenomenon known as the shade limb occurs in 95-100% of amputees. It can occur concisely after amputation or occur days later. It is when patients feel sensations where the arm or leg used to be as if it were still there. These sensations can be either non- injureful sensations or painful sensations, which be called phantom limb pain. These non-painful sensations are described as similar feels as if the limb were there such as warmth, tingling, itching, and movement. Phantom limb pain is described as stabbing, cramping, burning and shooting pain. Non-painful sensations usually occur soon after amputation and continue throughout life. It has been engraft that the strongest sites for phantom limbs are the interchange and index finger. Sometimes the knees or elbow are felt just rarely are the forearm, lower leg, upper thigh, and upper arm felt. (1). It has been found that it is not necessary to have had an amputation to go out the phantom limb phenomenon. It has been describe that after avulsion of the brachial plexus of the arm, even though no psychic trauma to the arm itself occurred, that there is extreme pain felt in the arm. For surgery, patients that come up an anesthetic block of the brachial plexus experience phantom arm. It to a fault occurs in the legs when there is an anesthetic block of the lower body, and when there is a block of the spinal cord at the thoracic level, patients have experience phantom body. (2). Not only can one experience phantom limb due to an anesthetic block, but it has been reported that people natural without limbs also experience it as well. Ronald Melzack, psychologist from McGill University in Montreal found that children born without armor or legs experi... ...uses these fibers to be excited which activates the primary afferent fibers which then discharges. These discharges at long last cause the phantom sensations. Non-cortical theory believes that sponta neous activity at the pass on of the amputation causes phantom limbs. (1). There is still a debate going on as to why phantom limbs occur. Only through further understand out of the nervous system can we hope to fully understand and hopefully one day stop its occurrence. Until then, we can only try to find ways to ease the pain of amputees, paraplegics and people who were born without limbs. References1) http//hcs.harvard.edu/husn/BRAIN/vol6/p21-25-PhantomLimbs.pdf 2) http//cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/ entry/melzack 3) http//www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1511/n2_v19/20159526/p1/article.jhtml 4) http//www.sciencenet.org.uk/slup/CuttingEdge/Jun00/phantom.html

Slavery In America Essay -- Slavery Essays

thralldom in AmericaIntroduction there has been much debate on the topic of knuckle downholding in the earlier times, although most of the countries considered slavery as a criminal activity. Some countries such(prenominal) as Myanmar and Sudan do not abolish it. They even expedite the slavery system. It is no doubt that slavery violent the human being rights. However, it was comm altogether bedcover in the early times from 17th to 19th century. In this research, I will talk about the origin of the slavery, the reasons for people to enough slave and the life of the slave.The Definition of slaveryIn 1926, the Slavery Convention delineate slavery as ...the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised... In the modern society, slave is a person who is controlled by other using violence or other methods. They do not exhaust permission to escape, they will be returned to their master if they tried to do so. In general, the definition of slavery does not brook much change amongst the early and the modern times, the only difference is the status of slaves would inherit from their father and father and most of the slaves would keep their status from birth to death.The Origin of Slavery in USWhen we talk abut the Slavery of Ameri arse, we must premier know the reasons why the slave were mainly came from Africa. There are cardinal reasons. The first reason is racialism that the black skin color of Africans becoming target of the European slave traders. Second, it was because slavery had already existed in Africa earlier it spread to America. Also, black people have strong body which can resist many diseases and endure the heat of the raging sun.In the16th century, Caribbean, holy man Kitts Nevis, and Virgini... ...s olfaction.ConclusionI come to conclude slavery is the product of humanfs avarice, conceit and selfish. Because of the benefit, we can destroy a personfs life without f eeling any guilty. It is really disappointed and disgusted to look back the fib of slavery. It let me see the evil part of human being. But I think it is right to do so. It is a good lesson for us, because it tells us that we should take in from the past, in order to prevent it from happening again. It also reminds us everyone should have been treated equally no matter what their race, creed, or color are. Today, emancipation and equality are weakening day by day. The African American story is still replaying on every part of the world, not only between black and white people, but people of many various nationalities. Stories will never end, until equality is created in the heart of each person.

Teaching Children about Animal Rights Essay -- Personal Narrative, Com

The issue of animal rights is often overlooked in this society, and Ive wanted that to transport for as long as I can remember. My original desire was to start a Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals at my exalted school, but I was afraid I wouldnt be able to set ahead enough interest and the project would be a flop. For quite a while, I had a very difficult time coming up with another idea, until I started thinking of all the horrible stories of animal unmercifulness that Id heard and read. Teenagers and adults who had neglected, starved, beaten and abused innocent, defenseless creatures. What was the source of all this? obviously these people had never experienced the joy an animal can figure out to your life. Perhaps I could find some children with whom to share that joy. Perhaps I could teach them a little bit about how to care for and celebrate animals as everyone should. I started searching for a church youth aggroup to whom I could talk. I called several churches and got several answering machines. After playing phone tag with voice mail and secretaries for a couple of weeks, I finally got in touch wi... ...y are not the children who need education. Theyre already involved in something that is going to teach them these kinds of lessons - theyre not the neglected, inactive children who set about up to be abusive towards animals and people. That is why Ive decided that my work with children is distant from over. The children who truly need my help cannot be found in a youth group or a Cub Scout pack. How I am going to reach these children, I do not even so know. I am fortunate to have the drive, vision and experience Ive gained so far to help me along the way.

Critos Argument Essay -- essays research papers

The purpose of & international angstrom uniterequotCrito&quot seems theorise to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, non as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of Heaven, just now simply as the good citizen, who, having been unjustly condemned is willing to give up his life in obedience to the laws of the State. The main list that seems to entail the word betwixt Crito and Socrates is the eyeshot of the majority on Socrates fate. In the &quotCrito&quot Socrates utters, &quotWhy should we care so much for what the majority think?&quot (Plato 45) Socrates accepts that we should not care what the majority thinks because those who are reasonable great deal will belowstand. However, Critos counter-argument to this is that the majority can cause great persecute therefore we should care what they think. Socrates further goes on to say the majority acts at random therefore, they cannot do great good or great ha rm (Plato 45). Crito says that "the opinion of the many" would judge us wrong if we didnt help you (and anyone in your business office would agree that you ought to send). Socrates notes that some opinion is right and some opinion is wrong. It is not simply a matter of mere opinion, but of correct opinion. The delegacy in this case is the actual truth of the matter. Socrates introduces a distinction between true opinion and false opinion. And the path to the latter is through argument and reason. By appealing to the opinion of "the many," Crito seems to be committing the Ad Populum Fallacy (i.e., something is right, true, etc., because the majority of the population says it is). Socrates seems to pose an open argument the opinion of the many says that escaping from jug is right but is it right? Socrates seems to believe that although the majority believes it is right for him to escape from jail he is going against what he believes to be true. Socrates believes t hat he has a tacit consent with the solid ground by living in capital of Greece for 70 years he has accepted their laws. Furthermore disagrees with avenging and rejects Critos suggestion to flee to Thessaly he will be welcomed there and let loose to speak. Socrates seems to have adhered to the belief that if he was born and raised in this state and had children here he must have agreed with the ways in which the state operates therefore, he cann... ...ur country to intervene and help countries less able. southeastern Vietnam needed the support of the U.S.especially when the North Vietnamese forces threatened them. &9Thus, in conclusion I believe that Socrates was correct to disregard the opinion of the majority. Socrates accepts his fate, for this reason alone he is not a coward. Socrates disagrees with retaliation and has faith in the government of Athens. Although Socrates may not agree with the termination of the assembly to put him to his death, he realizes that he was done wrongly by the assembly rather than the laws of Athens themselves. I believe Socrates feels this way because he has lived under the laws of Athens for 70 years and he has raised his children under the same principles. Socrates accepts the fact that being a member of society demands a certain respect and obedience. Without the rules and punishment system Athens would not be able to function properly. As Socrates decided to become a citizen of the state of Athens he also takes along with him the responsibility of being a citizen of that state. In following the more reasonable people I believe Socrates is merely following the path in which the Gods intended.