Why A Good Sense Of Communication Is Important

While the student spends a lot Of their time in school, the student spends just as much mime, if not more, at home. It is important for the teacher and the parents or guardians to be on the same page and work as a team when it comes to behavior and academics. Another area where educators need good communication skills is in the school, as well as in the community. By communicating with all of the other teachers who will be involved in your students education (librarian, PEE teacher, computer teacher, etc. One can ensure that they know every aspect of that child's day, and can paint a clearer picture of how to educate that child in a more efficient way. Communities can also play a large role in a student's fife. By properly communicating with the community and keeping everyone informed of what is expected in the school, concerning both education and behavior, one can help make the learning experience more rounded. Including important members of the community in different lesson plans, and even career days can inspire and motivate a class.The last area that communication is vital is probably the most important. The communication between the student and the teacher is incredibly important. If the teacher and the educator don't communicate properly, the educator with have no way of knowing how to meet the student's needs. The teacher will also have no way of knowing if there is a problem within the class, or if a student Isn't learning properly or effectively.Without communication between the teacher and the student, learning and education is nearly pointless. In conclusions, communication is key in education. It is important for not only the families of the students to stay informed, but the student himself, the school, and the community as well.

Sea Level Rises And Problems For Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay

In the twenty-first century when we are fighting with tonss of challenges, which are necessary to do certain being of life in the universe. If we think overall, the current planetary issues are nutrient, energy, recession, International Political issue, Climate alteration, Nuclear Missile trial, Fight against universe poorness as 100,00000 people unrecorded under poorness line, United Nations Global issue ( 2009, the twelvemonth in Review ) . Nowadays, Climate alteration is the most of import issue as whole universe is concern about the clime alteration. Therefore, last 6-18 December`2009 the universe leaders met together in Copenhagen for happening out the solutions for this current job. The universe ‘s ambiance is going hot to hotter by the assorted human activities which ultimate consequences is the planetary heating, i.e. Climate alteration. Sea Level Rise ( SLR ) is the consequence of addition temperature in the ambiance and affects low-lying coastal countries and deltas o f the universe. Harmonizing to the Warrick et Al ( 1993 ) stated that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) in 1990, estimated that universe would be 3.30 heater at the terminal of the following century due to the scenario of nursery gas emanation, with a scope of uncertainness of 2.2 to 4.90 C. Because of the addition in temperature, sea degree will lift due to the thermic enlargement and ice thaw. There are assorted affect has due to the SLR on Bangladesh, being a low-lying state in the universe, peculiarly in coastal country. The coast country of Bangladesh is about 710 kilometers, which contains the universe longest sea beach Cox ‘s Bazar. It has been approved by many of the natural research workers that Bangladesh is the most disaster-prone state in the universe as it has been sing a tonss of calamity such as inundation, tropical cyclones, coastal eroding, coastal storm surges which causes heavy loss of life, belongings and endangering the activities of current and past development for the geographical place, Ali ( 1999 ) .1.2 Designation of job in the facet of Bangladesh:As we have seen that harmonizing to the many experts Bangladesh is the most affected state in the universe due to the SLR, hence, the following job has been identified and necessary to farther scrutiny for future version and sustainability for longer clip. To look into rate of the sea degree rise in the Bangladesh, peculiarly, when will the sea degree lift up to one meter? What are the immediate jobs will be raised due to these degrees rise in coastal parts in Bangladesh? What will be the duty for sea degree rise locally and globally?About Global heating2.1 What is the Global heating?Harmonizing to the NASA ( 2010 ) stated that aˆ?Global heating is an addition in the mean temperature of Earth ‘s surfaceaˆ? . Due to the planetary worming, the mean temperature of Earth ‘s surface has been increased about 0.7 to 1.4 grades F ( 0.4 to 0.8 grades C ) since 1800`s, and at the terminal of 2100 the Earth ‘s mean temperature will be increased extra 2.5 to 10.4 grades F ( 1.4 to 5.8 grades C ) which has been estimated by many experts. World Climatologists have analysed that Global heating is making due to heightening Earth ‘s natural nursery effects which taking nursery gas in the ambiance, firing the fossil fuels ( coal, Oil, and natural gas ) , firing of cars in mill, electric power workss that provide energy. Many amendss would be occurred due to the uninterrupted planetary heating, SLR is one of the most unsafe, and most of the coastal country can be flooded. NASA ( 2010 ) .About Sea-level rise3.1 Causes of SLR:Thermal enlargement of the oceans, runing glaciers, and runing ice caps is the chiefly responsible for SLR, which are besides symptoms of planetary heating. When any liquid or ocean addition in temperature, it increases in volume as well which is known by thermic enlargement. When there is runing of glacial and ice cap thaw, it is the net loss of H2O from the organic structure of snow and ice ; if more H2O thaws off the glacier or ice cap during the summer than is accumulated through precipitation during the winter. Mission ( 2010 ) .3.2 Types of SLR:Lewis ( 2000 cited in Mission, 2010 ) â€Å" There are two types of SLR: Eustatic and isostatic. Eustatic SLR responds to major climatic alteration and perchance affected by planetary heating. Isostatic sea degree rise is a localised representation of perpendicular supplantings of land surface with regard to sea levelaˆ? Based on Lewis ( 2000 ) we can make up one's mind that in Bangladesh is affected by eustatic SLR, which is created by the planetary heating.3.3 Global Sea Level Prediction:Measurement of SLR depends on which theoretical account was implemented. Most popular cited theoretical accounts normally used to foretell SLR are Hadley-CM3, MPI, GFDL, and CCCMA. If we find out any scope of informations, which are unmanageable and unpredictable factors that influence SLR. We can foretell the hereafter development engineering, thermic enlargement, planetary heating, clime, and the nursery emanation are such types of factors. Different premises have been aroused due to utilize of the different theoretical accounts. The norm of the scopes was calculated to acquire the most accurate Numberss. Mission 2010 ( 2010 ) Harmonizing to the Kim ( 2006 cited in Mission, 2010 ) :Figure-1: Sea degree rise ( beginning: Mission 2010 ( 2010 ) )The scope of the informations from extremes of.02 metres, Walsh ( 2002 cited in mission 2010 ) to 6 metres, AGI ( 1994, cited in mission 2010 ) . If we omit the lower and upper lineations than the norm, ranges indicate that sea degree will lift 0.944. In the figure-1 the hair's-breadth secret plan and box delineates the 50 % of the scope of complied SLR is 0.48 metres to 1.94 metres. The lineations omitted secret plan, which indicated with ruddy circles. 0.55 is the average, while the norm is 0.944 metres.Methodology4.1 Study Methodology:In order to run into the assignment ‘s information demands and achieve the survey objectives one type of research methodological analysis will be conducted. Due to budget and clip restraints, the type of methodological analysis to be employed is restricted.4.2 Study Based on Secondary Data:The primary phase will dwell of secondary analysis of already bing informations. Literature on SLR in relation to fondness of Bangladesh and other relevant cardinal literature will be reviewed in order to look into the underlying relationship between SLR and cause of amendss in Bangladesh. The beginnings of secondary research are chiefly academic beginning ( Journal article, conference proceedings, working documents and relevant books, etc. ) , organisation ‘s beginning ( as the research is based on one peculiar organisation, information on organisation will be gathered through organisational literature, booklet, website etc ) . Apart from that studies, international studies, scientific diaries, maps and intelligence articles, which are highlighted SLR that related with Bangladesh issues. Data besides will be collected from some surveies of the same field in other portion of the universe.4.3 Data AnalysisData will be collected over the short period. Due to the clip, restriction and cost effectual, no primary informations will be used for this survey. Qualitative and measures data analysis will be conducted in the survey. Sometimes comparative information analysis will be besides conducted.5.1 Who are to be blamed for Global Warming?Increasing temperature expand the ocean volume in two ways. First, in polar parts it ‘s runing mass volume of ice. Second, it creates the ther mic enlargement of the ocean ‘s H2O. Harmonizing to Wigley and Raper ( 1987 ) suggested mentioned that the comparative parts of thermic enlargement and ice thaw through approximately equal functions for enlargement and ice thaw to a dominant enlargement consequence. Therefore, volume of ocean H2O of the Earth and rise in the sea degree are increasing by the two factors. The homo is the chiefly responsible factor for rise of sea degree and planetary heating by combustion of fossil fuels. Trees are the chief responsible factors make balance in the environment by sucking the CO2. Deforestation is another job, which is created by Human as they are cutting many trees for their ain grounds. It has been measured that since 1980, more than 75 % CO2 emanation caused by the human because of fossil fuel combustion and remainder is the cause of agribusiness, deforestation and other human alterations utilizing the land ( Miller, 2004 ) . The development of power and the industrial workss which are firing the 1000s of coal and more than 700 million gasoline-burning motor vehicles which finally contribute the largest current CO2 emanation in the environment. One study revealed that combustion of coal by merely U.S, which exceeded more than combined CO2 emanations of 146 states and its contains 75 % of the universe ‘s people ( Miller, 2004 ) . Compare to U.S. , Bangladesh as a little state is playing compatible function for the emanation of CO2 gas and nursery gas effects.Figure-2 ( beginning: World broad per capita C dioxide emanation ( Data beginning: NAPA, 2002 )Based on the study of National Adaptation Programs of Action ( NAPA, 2002 ) duologue, Bangladesh is merely responsible for emanation of CO2 is 0.2 ton per twelvemonth. Whereas, at the same clip USA entirely responsible for CO2 emanation is 20.0 ton per twelvemonth which is the more than 100 clip than Bangladesh and figure for the other developing states is 1.6, 4.0 and 6.0 severally. Harmonizing to Sarwar ( 2005 ) Stated that aˆ?The OECD, states, with approximately 15 % of the universe population, history for around 44 % of the entire emanation. One state, USA, is entirely responsible for 23 % of the entire annual fossil-fuel C emanation to the ambiance. In contrast, Bangladesh contributes a minuscular 0.06 % ( Warrick at EL, 1993 ) . Based on the NAPA, 2002 and OECD states data analysis, we can stand for that USA is transporting chief responsible function for the CO2 emanation to the atmosphere whereas they are non enduring much like Bangladesh.Figure- Top 20 CO2 emanations states in the universe, each country`s portion of CO2 emanation ( beginning: UCS, 2010 )The Coastal part of BangladeshCoastal Geomorphology of Bangladesh:The definition of seashore zone is where land and sea meet. Bangladesh has long coastal zone, about 710 kilometers by the distance around the Bay of Bengal between Indian and Myanmar boundary lines. The coastal part consists by 19 territory of Bangladesh which include Barguna, Bagerhat, Barisal, Bhola, Chittagong, Chandpur, Cox`s Bazar, Gopalganj, Jessore, Feni, Jhalakati, Khulna, Lakshimpur, Narail, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Satkhira, Shariatpur and Noakhali. Bangladesh has made one of the most vulnerable states in the universe due to SLR, which is the consequence of planetary heating in term of the geographical location and morphological conditions. More than 10 % of the state seldom 1 m above the average sea degree and one tierce is the under tidal jaunts. There are three distinguishable coastal parts such as western, cardinal, and eastern zones, Ali ( 1999 ) . The universe largest individual piece of land of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem, Sundarbans located in the southwest corner of Bangladesh, which covers 6017km2 at nowadays. The land degree varies in the Sundarbans from 1 m 2 m and flooded during the high tides. Recently research, It has been predicted that due to the SLR there are some little and big islands like Kutubdia, Bhola, Sandwip and Hatia will be for good flooded and Bangladesh will lose its form.Figure-3: Map shows the coastal country and the major river system ( beginning: Ali, 1999 )SLR in Bangladesh:Harmonizing to this ( figure-4 ) , acceleration of sea degree will be the worsted state of affairs for the Bangladesh in the whole existence. If we look at the current state of affairs, where today context entire population is 112 million and entire land country is 134,000 km2. . A three dimensional position of the current coastline and major rivers and possible hereafter sea degrees at 1.5 metre displayed by utilizing Digital t errain patterning techniques. It has been calculated since 1989 that the expected rate of SLR has been increased and it has been anticipated that at present expected rates, this phase will happen in approximately 150 old ages from now.Figure-4: Screening that the anticipation of sea degree rises and affect ( beginning: UNEP, Environmental cognition for alteration, Potential impact of low-lying rise on Bangladesh )Scenario Land Area `000 km2 Population 1989 `000`000 ext Population 2030 `000`000 ext 150 centimeter 22 ( 16 % ) 17 ( 15 % ) 34 ( 15 % ) Bangladesh sum 134 ( 100 % ) 112 ( 100 % ) 224 ( 100 % )Table-5: Potential impact of Sea-level rise on Bangladesh ( Beginning: UNEP/GRID-Arendal,2009, )Geographically, Bangladesh is the most affected state:Harmonizing to the many scientific research, we came to cognize that sea degrees do non lift identically in each geographical part. As a consequence, in some parts sea degrees are expected to lift somewhat more than in others, as the addition in temperature within the different ( verticals ) beds of H2O takes topographic point in different phases. Therefore, geographical place of Bangladesh in this state is situated merely above the sea degree and in the estuary of three big rivers-Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghan. Floods from the sea every bit good as from rivers spliting their Bankss threaten the state. Furthermore, state of affairs in Bangladesh is intensified by tropical cyclones and monsoon rainfall.Effectss of sea degree rise on the coastal zone of Bangladesh8.1 Salinity invasion on the seashore part in Bangladesh:Coast al part of Bangladesh is called the house of nutrients for Bangladesh, like Barisal, Khulna. However, the chief consequence of SLR in seashore part is scarceness of fresh H2O handiness decrease by salt invasion. Due to the SLR, both H2O and dirt salt along the seashore will be increased, destructing normal features of coastal dirt and H2O. In Bangladesh, coastal people ‘s chief earning beginning is Shrimp ‘s cultivation in the fresh H2O. Due to the SLR and salt invasion as Shrimp ( Peneaus Monodon ) species can non cultivate in coastal part which being investigated in a comparative survey by SRDI ( 1998b, 1998c ) between for the period of 1973 and 1997. Recently study found that Day by twenty-four hours huge figure of countries is converted to saline H2O field. During the twelvemonth 1975, 1987 and 2004 shows that shrimp farm countries has decreased in three coastal territories for salt invasion. During the last 30-years period, salt invasion has degraded land quality and husbandmans can non turn any agricultural harvests in their Fieldss. As a consequence, therefore husbandmans become zero productive landholders, in one sense landless, which their bing saline land.( Figure-6: Soil Salinity Map of Bangladesh of the twelvemonth 1973 ( Beginning: SRDI, 1998 B )( Figure-7: Soil Salinity Map of Bangladesh of the twelvemonth 1997 ( Beginning: SRDI, 1998 degree Celsius )8.2: Affect on Agriculture due to sea degree rise in coastal parts in Bangladesh:A research found that due to the Salinity invasion by SLR will diminish the agribusiness production, which will be affected for inaccessibility of fresh H2O and dirt debasement. Therefore, Ban gladesh has to be faced scarceness of nutrient in future, Sarwar ( 2005 ) . Furthermore, Salinity besides decreases the terminative energy and sprouting rate of some workss ( Rashid et al. , 2004 and Ashraf et al. , 2002 ) . Another research found that The loss of rice production in a small town of Satkhira territory was 1,151metric tones in 2003 and found that rice production in 2003 was 1,151 metric dozenss less than the twelvemonth 1985, matching to a loss of 69 per centum. Ali ( 2005 ) . Harmonizing to World Bank ( 2000 ) , In a survey found that increased salt entirely from a 0.3 meter SLR will do a net decrease of 0.5 million metric dozenss of rice production. Due to certain degree of SLR affects coastal agribusiness, particularly rice production, in two ways, which include due to the salt invasion degrades soil quality that lessening or inhibit rice production and when rice Fieldss are converted into shrimp pools due to SLR most of the land will be flooded by salt H2O.Figure-8 ( a ) : Production country ( % of entire production country of Bangladesh ( beginning: Sarwar, 2009 )Figure-8 ( B ) : Production country ( % of entire production country of Bangladesh ( beginning: Sarwar, 2009 )8.3: Impacts on aquaculture and piscaries in coastal parts in Bangladesh due to SLR:As all territories, which are located in the coastal zone, are vulnerable for SLR, which would be affected, on piscaries and aquaculture in Bangladesh by altering the location of the river estuary, doi ng a great alteration in fish home ground and genteelness land. Due to the SLR would turn this interface rearward, altering home ground of shrimp. Prawn is called the white gold in Bangladesh as Bangladesh is gaining a batch of foreign currency by exporting.Figure-9: impacts on seashore piscaries sector shows in Causal cringle Diagram ( beginning: Sarwar, 2005 )8.4: Problem with Settlement and land mass:The SLR will make job on Bangladesh in the coastal country and through the coastal country, on the whole Bangladesh. About 2 % , 5 % and 10 % with a corresponding figures of 2,500, 8,000 and 14,000 with regard to the entire land country of the state will be lost due to SLR of 0.1m, 0.3m and 1.0m severally. Ali ( 2000 ) . Therefore, 29,846 sq. km country of land will be lost and 14.8 million people will be landless by 1.0 m SLR. IPCC ( 2001 ) .Figure-10: Entire possible land loss by 1.0 m Sea Level Rise ( Beginning: IPCC, 2001 )Figure-11: Entire affected population 1.0 Sea Level Rise ( Beginning: IPCC, 2001 )A survey by Hutton and Haque ( 2003 ) found that people even if displaced 10 times during the period of 1981-1993, because of river bank eroding of the Jamuna River. Therefore, this eroding will do fiscal loss for the displace people to construct their new houses.8.5: Affect on touristry industry:The universe ‘s biggest unbroken sea beach Cox`s Bazar is situated in the coastal territory Cox`s Bazar in Bangladesh, holding the length of 145 Km. Furthermore, there are Kuakata beach in Patuakhali territory, Patenga beach in Chittagong territory are besides situated in the coastal zone in Bangladesh. Hossain and Lin ( 2001 ) . During a survey by the Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation font that 19 per centum of aliens sing Bangladesh are tourers, remainder of them are visit Bangladesh for concern or other official intents. Tourism industry serves the state with economic development at the national degree and at the local degree ; it helps to strength local economic system, civilization, and heritage. Due to the SLR, this promising sector will impact the national economic system and heritage of Bangladesh.8.6: Affect on Security environmental refugees:Barnett ( 2003 cited in Sarwar, 2005 ) suggested that 5.5 million people populating on the Ganges delta in Bangladesh who will be forced to relocate with a 45 centimeter rise in sea degree may seek to travel inland within Bangladesh, but a important figure may seek to travel to neighbouring states India, Myanmar and Pakistan and old migration of this sort has been a factor in force in the part.Figure-12: Ecological refugees by 1.0 m Sea Level Rise ( beginning: Ear th Policy Institute, 2004 )Recently survey has been found that may people have been displaced from their ain place in recent decennaries, which called â€Å" ecological refugees` . Due to the SLR, this will take to make such ecological refugees in the state.Recommendation of possible job solutions due to the sea degree rise9.1: Introduction:Although Bangladesh has about less important part to increase SLR by planetary heating in clime alteration which the consequence of nursery gas emanation, CO2 emanation by firing petrochemical and other activities, it is dry that it has to endure so disastrously from the effects of clime alteration that likely to happen in the coming decennaries. Therefore, Bangladesh has about nil to make in this respect which can cut down planetary heating and finally, consequence is cut downing SLR. As Bangladesh can non take the of import function to cut down SLR which is the consequences of activities of internationally. Therefore, Bangladesh has to origina te two phases of job solutions, such as ( 01 ) Locally ( 02 ) Internationally.9.1: Local job solution stairssOverall all, point of position, in current state of affairs, Bangladesh should necessitate to see both extenuation and version options as extenuation involves planetary attempts to put to death and version is more local. Therefore, in this extroverted unsafe state of affairs, effectual version policies and extenuation steps should be developed and implemented to minimise SLR impact on Bangladesh.9.2 AdaptationBangladesh has three options for version, such as retreat, adjustment, and protection. Bangladesh is well one of the extremely dumbly populated state. Therefore, depending on the future population projections, and deficit of land, retreat is impossible. Unlike, Netherland most of the North and west coastal country has been recovered from sea by run outing system to make a polder. On the other word, version seeks to cut down inauspicious effects of SLR on life beings, including human and environment. Harmonizing to the Chatterjee & A ; Huq ( 2002 ) version policy depends on the engineering, wealth/incomes, proficient cognition and scientific and accomplishments, information, substructure, policy and direction establishments and equity. Bangladesh can implement different version options in different sectors such as to protect the piscaries sector by inverting for the development of coastal piscaries. The authorities of Bangladesh should assist the fishermen be updated about the catastrophe and their responsibilities to minimise the possible loss in the event which can assist by doing a annual program that most of the cyclones in the coastal zone occur in October and May. SLR is great impact on coastal agribusiness like salt invasion, inundation, and harm. As agribusiness has mentionable part to the GDP of Bangladesh. Therefore, if GDP is high plenty for excess allotment of money for research, it will assist to happen out salt tolerate species for agribusiness and of class find out new agribusiness techniques such as drifting agribusiness, which is the best manner to accommodate with the inauspicious state of affairs of sea degree rise. World biggest Rhizophora mangle wood is situated in the southeast coastal zone in the territory of Khulna. If Bangladesh can be arranged proper monitoring in Rhizophora mangle afforestation which can assist to protect dirt eroding because its roots help to pack dirt. As rice is the staple nutrient of the people of Bangladesh, whose production has decreased by the awaited sea degree rise that should increase production by presenting advanced agricultural engineering and by cultivating high output assortments in other parts of the state. Government should affect grass-root degree people with climate alteration adapt which is one of the best manner as Bangladeshi people are really advanced and enterprising and what is the of import is to transport out elaborate scientific surveies, to do the people aware of the at hand dangers, and to develop, along with them methods of version.9.3 Extenuation:In the medical scientific discipline has a celebrated adage that â€Å" bar is better than remedy â€Å" . CO2 emanation is the control is the bar of clime alteration and SLR finally. Although, Bangladesh emits a little volume of nursery gasses, the state should take necessary stairss even to cut down its emanation. On the other manus, control of deforestation and dodo fuel usage is indispensable for the intent. Harmonizing to the IPCC ( 2001a ) indicates the chief nursery gas emanation decrease steps such as: ( I ) . Demand decrease and/or efficiency betterment, ( II ) , Substitution among fossil fuels, ( III ) , Switch to at omic energy, ( IV ) , Switch to biomass ( V ) , Switch to other renewable, ( VI ) , CO2 scouring and remotion, and ( VII ) . Afforestation which Bangladesh should follow its degree best, the above-named seven steps.12.1: Internationally job solution stairss:Kyoto Protocol strengthens in the 1997, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed at Rio in 1992 by perpetrating developed states to cut down their corporate emanation of six cardinal nurseries gases by at least 5 % through the 2008-2012 periods. The Members of the EU Switzerland, most cardinal European provinces need to diminish 8 % ; the USA demand to diminish 7 % ; Canada, Hungary, Japan and Poland need to diminish 6 % , of their emanation, to make the mark but Although the USA later rejected the protocol, 178 states finally reached a binding understanding for its execution of Bonn in July 2001. Carter ( 2001 cited in the Sarwar, 2005 ) Harmonizing the UN ( 2005 ) Global C dioxide emanation was reduced merely 1.7 % from 1990 to 1998 that is the little sum of per centum comparison with the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 which has been already agreed in Kyoto protocol that during 2008-2012 will diminish at least 5 % . Last intergovernmental clime alteration conference has been taken topographic point at Bella Center in Denmark capital Copenhagen on the 6-18 December and the conference name was â€Å" Copenhagen 2009 â€Å" . It was the follow up of the 1997`s Kyoto protocol and desperately met all of the UNFCCC members as it became necessary as clime alteration is traveling up so fast. Kobenhavn 2009 ( 2010 ) . In this conference, as Bangladesh is most affected state should take advantage to acquire fund through UN from developed and states who has more part in CO2 emanation. Due to the non consent of China, India and USA as they are the more CO2 emanation states in the universe. Therefore, Government of Bangladesh should prosecute proper compensation program to acquire fund from top CO2 emanation states through United Nations to protect Bangladesh from the affect of planetary heating.13.1 Decision:Bangladesh will be the largely affected state in the universe due to the SLR, although this state plays really small function in green house gas emanation, taking to climate alteration and SLR. Therefore, Bangladesh authorities should take necessary program and should developed scheme to competitory SLR impacts and therefore safe its citizen. Therefore, development and execution of version policies and taking enterprises for extenuation steps should be taken now and it should non be observe or believe that sea degree will non lift at all, or to wait to see what go on in future.

Advance Paper 2

Centre Number Student Number CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES 2009 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION English (Advanced) Paper 2 – Modules Morning Session Tuesday, 11 August 2009 Total marks – 60 Pages 2-4 General Instructions †¢ Reading time – 5 minutes †¢ Working time – 2 hours †¢ †¢ Write using blue or black pen Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of this page Attempt ONE question from Questions 3-7 Allow about 40 minutes for this section Pages 10-11 †¢ Attempt EITHER Question 1 OR Question 2 Allow about 40 minutes for this section Section III 20 marks †¢ Attempt EITHER Question 8 OR Question 9 †¢ Allow about 40 minutes for this section Disclaimer Every effort has been made to prepare these ‘Trial' Higher School Certificate Examinations in accordance with the Board of Studies documents, Principles for Setting HSC Examinations in a Standards-Referenced Framework (BOS Bulletin, Vol 8, No 9, Nov/Dec 1999), and Principles for Developing Marking Guidelines Examinations in a Standards Referenced Framework (BOS Bulletin, Vol 9, No 3, May 2000).No guarantee or warranty is made or implied that the ‘Trial' Examination papers mirror in every respect the actual HSC Examination question paper in any or all courses to be examined. These papers do not constitute ‘advice' nor can they be construed as authoritative interpretations of Board of Studies intentions. The CSSA accepts no liability for any reliance use or purpose related to these ‘Trial' question papers. Advice on HSC examination issues is only to be obtained from the NSW Board of Studies. 5400-1Section I – Module A: Comparative Study of Texts and Context 20 marks Attempt either Question 1 or Question 2 Allow about 40 minutes for this section Answer the question in a SEPARATE writing booklet. In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate unders tanding of the meanings of a pair of texts when considered together †¢ evaluate the relationships between texts and contexts †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, purpose and form Question 1 – Elective 1: Exploring Connections (20 marks) To what extent are texts enriched through their connection with other texts?Respond to this question in relation to the pair of prescribed texts that you have studied. The prescribed texts are: †¢ Shakespearean Drama and Film – William Shakespeare, King Richard III AND – Al Pacino, Lookingfor Richard †¢ Prose Fiction and Poetry – Patrick White, The Aunt's Story AND – Rosemary Dobson, Selected Poems * Young Girl at a Window * Chance Met * Landscape in Italy * Azay-Le-Rideau * The Rape of Europa * Romantic * Primitive Painters Question 1 continues on page 3Question 1 (continued) †¢ Prose Fiction and Nonfiction * Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice AND * F ay Weldon, Letters to Alice on First Reading Jane Austen †¢ Poetry and Drama * * * * * * * * * * John Donne, Selected Poetry Death be not proud This is my playes last scene At the round earths imagin ‘d corners blow If poisonous minerals Hymne to God my God, in my sicknesse A Valediction: forbidding mourning The Apparition TheRelique The Sunne Rising AND * Margaret Edson, W;t End of Question 1In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate understanding of the meanings of a pair of texts when considered together †¢ evaluate the relationships between texts and contexts †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, purpose and form Question 2 – Elective 2: Texts in Time (20 marks) Compare the ways in which texts offer insights into the human experience. Respond to this statement in relation to the pair of prescribed texts that you have studied.The prescribed texts are: †¢ Prose Fiction and Film – Mary Shelley, Frankenstein AND – Ridley Scott, Blade Runner (Director's Cut) †¢ Prose Fiction and Poetry – F Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby AND – Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Aurora Leigh and Other Poems – Sonnets I, XIII, XIV, XXI, XXII, XXVIII, XXXII, XLIII †¢ Drama and Nonfiction – Edward Albee, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf AND – Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own Section II – Module B: Critical Study of Texts 0 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 3-7 Allow about 40 minutes for this section Answer the question in a SEPARATE writing booklet. In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate an informed understanding of the ideas expressed in the text †¢ evaluate the text's language, content and construction †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, purpose and form Question 3 – Shakespearean Drama (20 marks) How is your person al response to Hamlet shaped by the interaction of characters in the play? William Shakespeare, HamletQuestion 4 – Prose Fiction (20 marks) (a) How is your personal response to In the Skin of a Lion shaped by the interaction of characters in the novel? Michael Ondaatje, In the Skin of a Lion OR (b) How is your personal response to Cloudstreet shaped by the interaction of characters in the novel? — Tim Winton, Cloudstreet OR (c) How is your personal response to Sixty Lights shaped by the interaction of characters in the novel? Gail Jones, Sixty Lights OR (d) How is your personal response to Jane Eyre shaped by the interaction of characters in the novel?Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre Please turn over In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate an informed understanding of the ideas expressed in the text †¢ evaluate the text's language, content and construction †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audienc e, purpose and form Question 5 – Drama or Film (20 marks) (a) How is your personal response to A Doll's House shaped by the interaction of characters in the play? Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House OR b) How is your personal response to Citizen Kane shaped by the interaction of characters in the film? Orson Welles, Citizen Kane Question 6 – Poetry (20 marks) (a) How is your personal response to the poetry of Yeats shaped by a perception of voice in the poems? In your answer, refer to THREE of the poems set for study. The prescribed poems are: William Butler Yeats, WB Yeats: Poems selected by Seamus Heaney * An Irish Airman * When You Are Old * Among School Children * The Wild Swans at Coole * Leda and the Swan * The Second Coming * Easter 1916OR Question 6 continues on page 7 6 Question 6 (continued) (b) How is your personal response to the poetry of Harwood shaped by a perception of voice in the poems? In your answer, refer to THREE of the poems set for study. The prescribe d poems are: Gwen Harwood, Selected Poems * Father and Child (Parts I & II) * The Violets * At Mornington * A Valediction * Triste Triste * The Sharpness of Death * Mother Who Gave me Life OR (c) How is your personal response to the poetry of Slessor shaped by a perception of voice in the poems?In your answer, refer to THREE of the poems set for study. The prescribed poems are: Kenneth Slessor, Selected Poems * Out of Time * Five Bells * Sleep * Five Visions of Captain Cook * Sensuality * Elegy in a Botanical Garden * Beach Burial End of Question 6 In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate an informed understanding of the ideas expressed in the text †¢ evaluate the text's language, content and construction †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, purpose and formQuestion 7 – Nonfiction (20 marks) (a) How is your personal response to Orwell's essays shaped by a perception of voice in these texts? In your answer, refer to THREE of the essays set for study. * George Orwell, George Orwell: Essays The prescribed essays are: * Why I Write * Notes on Nationalism * Good Bad Books * The Sporting Spirit * Politics and the English Language * Writers and Leviathan OR (b) How is your personal response to speeches shaped by a perception of the passion of the speaker?In your answer, refer to THREE of the speeches set for study * Speeches The prescribed speeches are: * Margaret Atwood – Spotty-Handed Villainesses, 1994 * Paul Keating – Funeral Service of the Unknown Australian Soldier, 1993 * Noel Pearson -An Australian History for Us All, 1996 * Aung San Suu Kyi – Keynote Address at the Beijing World Conference on Women, 1995 * Faith Bandler -Faith, Hope and Reconciliation, 1999 * Deane, William – It is Still Winter at Home, 1999 * Anwar Sadat – Speech to the Israeli Knesset, 1977 BLANK PAGE Please turn overSection III – Module C: Representation and Text 20 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 8-9 Allow about 40 minutes for this section Answer the question in a SEPARATE writing booklet. In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate understanding of and evaluate the relationship between representation and meaning †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, purpose and form Question 8 – Elective 1: Conflicting Perspectives (20 marks) You are speaking to an audience of your peers.Compose a speech in which you demonstrate how your understanding of conflicting perspectives is shaped by the construction of the texts. In your response, refer to your prescribed text and TWO texts of your own choosing. The prescribed texts are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Shakespearean Drama Prose Fiction Drama or Film – William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar – David Guterson, Snow Falling on Cedars – Peter Whelan, The Herbal Bed OR — Barry Levinson, Wag the Dog †¢ Poetry – Ted Hughes, Birthday Letters * Fulbright Scholars * The Shot * The Minotaur * Sam * Your Paris * Red —Geoffrey Robertson, The Justice Game * The Trials ofOz * Michael X on Death Row * ‘The Romans in Britain' * The Prisoner of Venda Nonfiction * Show Trials * Diana in the Dock: Does Privacy Matter? * Afterword: The Justice Game 10 Question 9 – Elective 2: History and Memory (20 marks) You are speaking to an audience of your peers. Compose a speech in which you demonstrate how your understanding of the interplay between history and memory is shaped by the construction of the texts. In your response, refer to your prescribed text and TWO texts of your own choosing.The prescribed texts are: †¢ Prose Fiction – Maxine Hong Kingston, The Woman Warrior: Memoirs, of a Girlhood Among Ghosts OR – Peter Carey, The True History of the Kelly Gang †¢ †¢ Film Poetry – Stephen Frears, The Queen – Denise Le vertov, Selected Poems * Ways of Conquest * Don't You Hear That Whistle Blowin'†¦ * In Thai Binh (Peace) Province * A Time Past * Libation * A Letter to Marek About a Photograph * The Pilots †¢ Nonfiction or Multimedia – Mark Raphael Baker, The Fiftieth Gate OR Smithsonian National Museum of American History September 11 website End of paper 11 EXAMINERS Pamela Nutt (Convenor) Catherine Anderson Tanya Appleby Nicole Archard Darren Barker Lorna Ciesiolka Marian Henry Katherina Lathouras Alistair Symons PLC Sydney, Croydon St Patrick's College, Strathfield Tara Anglican School for Girls, Nth Parramatta Kincoppal-Rose Bay, School of the Sacred Heart OLMC, Parramatta Educational Consultant Marist College, Pagewood Knox Grammar School, Wahroonga Mount St Joseph, Milperra 12

ART EDUCATION ACROSS CULTURES Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ART EDUCATION ACROSS CULTURES - Research Paper Example At the Fowler Museum, its current location, one may gain appreciation of the eruditely chiseled details in the art of the hornbill’s sculpture which is specifically prominent with its peculiarly and sharply pointed bill having a seemingly elaborate trajectory and body painting under various strokes and pigments depicting how colorful Iban festivals are. Besides its extensive recognition as an object of art of aesthetic and crucial value, hornbill carvings signify the way of life of Iban people and the unique reputation associated with Iban’s utmost festive celebration with religious rituals (Davenport). Hornbill Figure typically is a special embodiment of a bird believed to possess knowledge and wisdom of what is to come. Aside from bringing a prophecy upon which Iban communities heavily relied in the past, it is profoundly considered as a fundamental medium that allowed blending of spiritual dimension with the world of humans so that the latter may possibly convey thei r freedom to interact with spirits and supernatural beings in a variety of concerns.

Regulatory Theory cw2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Regulatory Theory cw2 - Essay Example That made it necessary to merge with British Satellite Broadcasting and that is how a new entity came into existence called BSkyB. Currently, BSkyB is the most dominating company in the British pay-TV market. By owning 100 percent of BSkyB, Rupert Murdock is likely to have a dominant role in the British print and electronic media that subsequently may play a critical role in influencing major government economic and political policy issues. Rogers (2003) sees the mass media channels such as TV, newspapers, radio in a different perspective as mass media have the capacity to reach a large audience quickly, spread information and alter weakly held attitudes. Thus, too much concentration of media power in one hand or group of people could be detrimental as it may even affect the plural fabric of the society. It is a fact that some 30 years ago the newspapers such as ‘The Times’ and ‘Sunday Times’ were allowed to have a control by Rupert Murdock even though at that time he owned other print publications such as ‘The News of the World’ and ‘The Sun’. The reasons were given that it was necessary in view of the likely closure of these two print media if matter were referred to the MMC. In 1990, Sky TV and the British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) were merged for the reasons that both were making losses and that was the only alternative to save both of them (Douglas, 2010). In a current scenario, pay TVs continue to expand in size and BSkyB with around10 million subscribers in its fold and revenues that is 2-3 times larger than its nearest rivals BBC and ITV has a dominant position in the market. That means that complete buyout of BSkyB will place Rupert in an enviable position to exert considerable influence in the national media (Douglas, 2010). On this acquisition efforts, competition such as BBC, Daily Telegraph, Daily Mail and BT wrote to Vince Cable urging him to initiate necessary

Research Methods - Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Methods - Public Health - Essay Example Ohio is one of those places where we can find health disparities at a significant level. Studies indicate that the Appalachian adults in Ohio are more exposed to health disparity issues than their peers in other regions. Health disparities related to the environmental exposure pose a double injustice in terms of unequal exposure and unequal access to adequate health care. Health disparities, in general, mean that the burden of disease or environments that cause disease are mostly felt or experienced by some and not all populations. In the United States (US), health disparities are attributed to several factors including: lack of access to healthcare, socioeconomic status or educational background (Moeller, 2005). We look at health disparities from the angle of environmental health. Effects of health disparities are dismal because they include limited or no health insurance at all, which, in turn, prevents them from having access to adequate healthcare and related resources. This is a significant public health challenge which needs to be addressed by effective interventions. This  Abbreviated Quantitative Research Plan (AQRP) is aimed and directed at policy makers at local and federal levels; with the aim of addressing health issues related to industrial manufacturing sites located in residential areas. The plan is also directed towards health services, federal and local public health agencies, companies with polluting businesses and other interested stakeholders. The plan explores the study’s purposes, design, methodology and other aspects of a credible research (Creswell, 2006). According to Moeller (2005), The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, â€Å"was made into national policy to assure that pollution is prevented or reduced at its source, recycled or treated in an environmentally safe manner, and disposed of or released into the environment only as a last resort† (p.362). Evidence of improvements on human health, especially to

Ethnography of Food Pantry Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnography of Food Pantry - Personal Statement Example It was the 24th of March, and we had an appointment with one of the leading food pantry in our locality. We wanted to observe and research about a number of things which were going on there. Charles mumbled a total of twenty minutes as a given allowance, as he sensed that I was still in bed. In about fifteen minutes, I had already arrived at Angel’s coffee shop where we were all supposed to meet before we officially left for the appointment which was in the next two hours. You could tell from the anxiety on people’s faces that nobody wanted to be late. After a short meeting headed by our group supervisor, Ernest, we headed one of our school vans and in about ten minutes, we had our van parked in front of â€Å"St. Vincent de Paul Food Pantry† where we were meant to visit. I loved the color on the billboard; blue my favorite color ever since I was a toddler. I have spent over fifteen years in America, and I have been seeing this building as long as I can remember, but I have never taken my time to find out what really happens at the food pantry organization and how it works. I had a very mutual and exciting feeling as I walked in the organization. An exciting sensation kept tickling down my spine every time the thought of being a volunteer rang in my mind. My eyes fell on a number of benches and on them were several goods. This confirmed my happy feeling. There was a man who later introduced himself to us as Bob, who couldn’t keep his eyes off us. Surprisingly, he was the one who was waiting for us. As we approached, his firm stare turned into a soothing smile which made people’s hearts to feel at ease whenever we were with him. We introduced ourselves and immediately embarked on what we had come to do in the food pantry. It was a good experience seeing so many people young and old working together for the good of all in the working area. An equal amount of different foods were being in plastic bags. At the end of the line, there was a big heap of already packed foods waiting for the clients to come and pick them up. The different types of foods included pasta, tomato sauce, canned corn, vegetables, Mac-and-cheese and chocolates. There was no trace of protein in the packages. As we made our way into different rooms of the pantry foods, we came into the store room where there was a bid heap of donated food. He said that they had stayed there for long, and nobody wanted them. This was really surprising. We were then taken to a room with different sizes of fridges and in it was meat, both white and red. He requested two of us to remain behind so that they could pack the chicken in the polythene bags as it is done when packing food for the food pantry clients. Kevin and Alex volunteered to remain and do the tedious assignment. Kevin later confessed how frozen his hands felt when he was handling the meat. On the further corner was another fridge full of red meat and bread. They had been donated by different donors including organization and had come with different packages. Bob wanted them to have a similar type of package and requested three of us to work on it. I thought this was the place. The group supervisor, Ernest, Charles and I found ourselves working together. We were putting two packs of meat in every plastic bag. It seemed to be very easy to be a volunteer. I must confess that it was a little bit cold but what I was

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Homework - Assignment Example Meiosis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes. When paired chromosomes come close they cross-over at certain point or points leading to the formation of "chiasma". Here exchange of genetic material takes place. This is one of the biggest reasons that although we bear the genes of our parents and even our siblings also bear the genes of the same parents but they are different. Since crossing-over varies in different cell division and hence there is a variation in the genetic makeup of the siblings and also between the parents and siblings. Karyotyping is related to the number of chromosomes present in an organism. It is concerned with the appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is important to find out the presence of any genetic abnormality. For example- An individual having Downs Syndrome will have three copies of the 21st chromosome which could be detected with the help of karyotyping when chromosomes will be arranged. This is the reason why Down Syndrome is also known as Trisomy (three copies) of 21st chromosome. The total number of chromosomes in case of human is 46 but in case of patient with Trisomy, the number is 47. Every organism possess specific set of chromosomes. A diploid cell has two set of chromosome, one called the maternal set of chromosome (obtained from mother) the other called paternal chromosome (obtained from father).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. A true breeding brown mouse is mated with a true-breeding white mouse and all their offspring are brown. If two of these brown offspring are mated, what percentage of the F1 and F2 generations will be brown? The true breeding brown mouse has dominant gene for the color (BB) while the true breeding white mouse has recessive genes for color (bb). As per the Mendels Law of Dominance, only the dominant character is expressed, when these two mouse are crossed then the first filial generation or the F1 generation is Brown with the

Critical Evaluation of Intraosseous vascular access and Application of Essay

Critical Evaluation of Intraosseous vascular access and Application of Research Findings to Practice in emergency cases - Essay Example e study involves critical evaluation of research findings of â€Å"Intraosseous versus Intravenous Vascular Access during Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest† article. It is imperative to understand what the topic means so as to attain pertinent research findings. Intraosseous (IO) access is an efficient route for fluid recovery, laboratory evaluation and drug delivery that may be achieved in all patients groups and has a satisfactory safety profile (King and Henretig 2008). In acknowledgment of the worth of intraosseous (IO) vascular access, in patient stabilization and resuscitation, leading international and national corporations have published position articles that have served to alter the principle of care for emergency vascular access (Cottrell 2011). The search strategy for this paper involves critical evaluation of findings of â€Å"Intraosseous versus Intravenous Vascular Access during Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest† research article (Reades et al. 2011). The article’s content is relevant to this paper since it discusses effect of Intraosseous versus Intravenous Vascular Access during cardiac arrest (emergency cases). The research objective is to critically evaluate intraosseous vascular access and application of research findings to practice in emergency cases. The rationale of research selection is attributed to accuracy and effectiveness of its findings. The intervention of Intraosseous Vascular Access in emergency patients is not commonly used in practice yet, and to find out how effective is this intervention in emergency cases (King and Henretig 2008). The statement is the basis of the research since medical intervention must be evidence-based (Greenhalgh 2010; Barker 2013), and the article present findings to support the basis. The choice of article to evaluate justifies the objective of this research. That is so because it has findings and application of Intraosseous Vascular Access in emergency environment. At the end, it is possible to draw a

The Toyota Production and Marketing Plan Assignment

The Toyota Production and Marketing Plan - Assignment Example An organization’s internal marketing and a production function affects virtually all organizational activities. The motor vehicle industry in the United States of America is one of the main contributors to the country’s economic success, creating over 600,000 jobs per year. One of the universally known motor vehicle manufacturers in the country is Toyota Company. The company has instituted a well-organized and managed network that transforms separated parts and raw materials into fully functioning vehicles. The network entails the identification and financing of raw materials, promotion activities, management and distribution of the finished products to the end users (Toyota’s U.S, 2011). The Toyota Company also works hand in hand with other firms that have the business of producing motor vehicle parts, sales, and final vehicle assembly. Referring to the International Trade Commission, in the production of Toyota vehicles, the United States Toyota company imports motor vehicle parts worth over $ 77 million per year. However, the amount is projected to increase within the coming years. Tires and brakes is some of the highly-imported vehicle parts by the company in the production of a fully functional Toyota vehicle. ... Japan is currently the leading exporter of drive train components into the Toyota Company. Mexico on the other hand has dominated the supply of Toyota vehicle interior components including seats parts and wiring harnesses. Mexico’s supplies into the company are preferred due to its sensitive labor costs. To necessitate efficient and timely production and marketing of Toyota vehicles in the global market, the United States of America Toyota company has created an exceptionally productive Just-In-Time strategy. The strategy aims at ensuring that, raw materials and other essential components are delivered to the company instantly and at the right time. This has reduced tremendously time wastage in the production process. It is also significant to note that, most of the vehicles manufactured by the company are sometimes not meant for the global market. Additionally, to be relevant and competitive in the global market, Toyota Company has also established manufacturing plants in som e of its major regional and global markets. Initially, the United States of America’s Toyota primary market was in Europe and the United States of America. However, the company has in the recent past expanded its markets into other countries including South Korea, China, and in Africa, forcing it to open manufacturing plants to the identified countries. The absence of industry-wide standards has forced the Toyota Company to have a worldwide customization of Toyota vehicles in global market. In these cases, the company gives its customers the choice to specify a particular vehicle model. The customization is in most cases done either through online services

Saudi Arabian Airlines aircraft maintenance Research Paper

Saudi Arabian Airlines aircraft maintenance - Research Paper Example The base of the popular airline is in Jeddah. The airline operated both international and domestic flights to more than ninety destinations in North America, Africa, Middle East, Europe and Asia. The international and domestic flights are mainly operated during the Hajj and Ramadan season. The major operation base of the airline is at the JED (Jeddah-King Abdulaziz Airport). The Dammam airport, one of the major hubs of the airline was established for commercial use in the year 1999. During the time of Dammam establishment, Dhahran International Airport was in use, but has since been turned into a military base. The airline is a recognized Arab Air Carriers Organization member. It was at one time the regions largest carrier, but following the establishment and development of some other airlines and airports, it has moved down to be the third largest since the year 2006, behind Etihad Airways and the Emirates. Function of Aircraft maintenance in the Airline The department of aircraft m aintenance in the airlines helps in supporting naval operations by the conservation of aircraft and the associated SE to the delegated maintenance level. Since all the activities of maintenance have similarities in administration, operation and mission, we find that these sections have standardized administration and organization (Mirghani, 1996). The department of maintenance helps to improve: Training and performance of maintenance personnel; maintenance efficiency and integrity for all material; equipment, system readiness and aircraft; safety; planning and scheduling of maintenance work; materials and maintenance manpower usage; end product’s end quality; Accomplishment and maintenance of combat readiness; and consistency in case of personnel or aircraft transfer between commands. All the stakeholders or parties involved in the tasks of maintenance work toward a common goal; that is ensuring that the above areas are achieved. They work under the process of management cont rol used in the department of aircraft maintenance organization. Saudi Arabian Airlines has vowed to maintain high standards of performance in all of its Saudi Airlines have endeavoured to maintain high performance standards in all features of its operation all through the year. The prompt or on-time index of performance is a key criteria of the industry that airlines strive to raise, and the Saudi Arabian Airlines usually struggles to meet the standard. Within the 1993 to 2002 period, about eight hundred and nine thousand, six hundred and twenty six flights operated successfully with an average time departure of about 90%. The airlines currently own 139 aircrafts. This includes the most advanced and latest large jets that are available in the market. Aircraft service and maintenance, punctuality and safety, are the airline’s top priority (Mirghani, 1996). The airlines utilize Information Systems to promote efficiency and productivity. Since it is the Middle East’s lar gest carrier for cargo and passengers, the airlines is also the oldest in the region. Undertake of base and line maintenance The Civil Aviation Kingdom of Saudi Arabia General Authority approved the PIA Maintenance and Engineering to carryout the line maintenance and base maintenance of the Saudi Arabian Airlines (PIA to undertake maintenance of Saudi Airlines aircraft, 2011). The activities

Outsourcing Product Distribution the Right Way Essay Example for Free

Outsourcing Product Distribution the Right Way Essay Chain online magazine Aug. 2, 2000 For Internet companies that cannot afford to buy and store their inventory or hire an internal logistics staff, outsourcing the product distribution function can be either a smart business decision or a disaster. Success or failure in distribution depends on how carefully and continuously you manage this function to make sure your distribution partners are doing the job that is expected. When distribution is not a core competency for your company and you do not have the resources to make it one, outsourcing the function can help your company grow by allowing you to focus on your mission-critical activities. There are two types of outsourcing that are common among start-ups traditional distribution and drop ship fulfillment (DSF). Traditional distribution outsourcing involves hiring a third party to store and distribute your products through its national or international distribution network; this party provides the staff, warehouses, distribution center and transportation fleet. The second type of outsourcing, DSF, has grown in parallel with B2C retailing over the Internet. With DSF, a start-up company sells a product, charges the customer, generates a purchase order, and sends the PO to the manufacturer or supplier, who then fulfills the order by shipping the product directly to the customer. Since the start-up never possessed the product, the company does not incur any of the costs associated with storing or purchase the product. Many Internet start-ups have adopted this streamlined business model. Unfortunately, companies need to be careful when choosing an outsourcing partner. Outsourcing is not a panacea if your third-party distributors procedures and performance are not carefully monitored, you risk permanently alienating the customers you have worked so hard to attract. The key to a successful outsourcing relationship includes understanding the process, specifying objectives, establishing internal procedures for evaluating performance against objectives, and deploying systems that help to manage the function effectively. Watching Costs and Service If the manufacturer or distributor, which may be the same company, fulfills the customers order correctly, everyone is happy. However, in most cases, there are problems in one or more of these key areas: Â · Customer service Another company may be distributing your products, but ultimately you are responsible for the customer relationship. True, your company does not have direct control over the distribution process, but the customer only cares about receiving the product not who sent it or how it got there. If something goes wrong, you are responsible and must do what is necessary to correct the situation. Shipping costs Most manufacturers are setup to ship truckloads or pallets of products, not multiple orders of a single product. There are also manufacturers that require you to purchase more products you need, others set ridiculously high prices for the service, and some simply will not ship the orders. In some cases, start-ups are kitting a number of products, not because it adds value for the customer, but because it pushes the dollar value of their order above a threshold where the manufacturer will agree to DSF the products. Profitability Shipping costs directly affect your bottom line. Many start-ups are passing along the manufacturers shipping costs to their customers, raising the price of their products and putting themselves at a disadvantage in a competitive market. If the start-up does not pass along the entire cost, the shipping expense cuts into the profitability of every transaction. Getting Automated Help Successfully managing a third-party distributor requires establishing internal monitoring processes and requiring that specific employees are responsible for this function. These employees should also be responsible for developing and deploying computer systems to help automate the management function. Here are five critical requirements for your outsourcing relationship with your distributor: Â · Establish measurable standards for distributor performance. Â · Conduct periodic performance reviews. Â · Visit distributor sites to check security procedures (only if the start-up owns the inventory). Â · Monitor customer feedback and satisfaction levels. Â · As sales volume grows, periodically revisit the decision to outsource the distribution function. The right computer system can improve your ability to manage the distribution function in three areas: Â · Communication To allow you to automate communication with your suppliers and manufacturers, you must establish a back-end system. This means that you should not rely just on basic email, generated by an employee, to track orders. For example, you send the supplier an email to check on a backlogged product, someone then emails you back with a response, and finally you re-key the information into your system imagine a handful of employees checking 500 products. To be more efficient, you need a system that will scale this function as your volume expands and will use automated email, fax, Web portals and/or EDI to communicate order information. Â · Visibility You must know if a product is available before it is sold, and you cannot know this until you view your suppliers inventory to find out how much product you have been allocated and what is available. To do this, you need an application that provides you with visibility into your suppliers inventory tracking system. Track and Trace Customers want to know the status of their order: When was it shipped, where is it now, and when will I get it? If you want to retain customers, you need to be sure your computer system helps you manage returns, exchanges and refunds efficiently. A consulting organization that specializes in distribution and transportation can help you setup effective internal processes and, if necessary, build and deploy the computer systems you need to manage an outsourced distribution function for maximum benefit. Part of a consultants value can be in the area of knowledge transfer, educating your organization on how the distribution and transportation function works at the macro level and helping you set realistic expectations. In the final analysis, outsourcing the distribution function can make perfect sense for your small company but only if you remember not to outsource the responsibility of keeping your customers happy.

How to Improve Teens Self-Esteem

How to Improve Teens Self-Esteem Adolescence is a crucial stage in the life of your child. As a parent, you have the challenge of guiding them toward a happy, responsible adulthood. There is good reason to be worried, with all the changes and challenges confronting them. Though the majority of teens can successfully sail through adolescence, a significant number end up stalled or sidetracked along the way. Some barely make it through. A confident teen with a strong sense of self-worth or healthy self-esteem has a bigger chance of succeeding in life. They may, however, need some help to have a fulfilling adolescence and stable preparation for the next stage of life. If you want to help your child achieve their dreams, it is proactive to supplement your parental care with professional assistance. Why Is Your Teen Unhappy? The Developing Teen Seeing your child groping through the teen years can result in your feeling helpless. You may wonder why they have no friends hanging around your home on the weekends or why they seem uninterested in social events. Could they be suffering from poor self-esteem? Having healthy self-esteem isnt everything, but it can be a good start in negotiating adolescence. In this age of booming telecommunication miracles (the Internet, computers, satellites, etc.), it is easy for teens to develop a poor self-image by comparing themselves to what they perceive as ideal-clear skin, a body with the right measurements, beautiful and bouncy tresses, etc. Despite knowing that nobodys perfect and even famous beauties have flaws, they may still feel inadequate, unlovable, and unworthy. It has nothing to do with their appearance, weight, or popularity. With low self-worth, they will always find something unacceptable or inadequate about themselves. Teens are vulnerable to poor self-worth because they are in the middle of a transition. Their hormones are shifting and raging, their brain connections are wired differently, and they are incessantly challenged academically and socially. While all these problems are natural, it is not healthy to leave your teen unguided. Adolescence is also a stage when they can be reckless with their actions and decisions. It is important to be supportive, but more important to help them develop healthy self-esteem. Self-Esteem in the Eyes of Teens Self-esteem is the value that an individual gives themselves based on their perceived worth to others and the world in general. It isnt static, but changes throughout life. It is typically most unstable during adolescence and during major life transitions. According to Understanding Teenagers, adolescence is a time of life when a persons self-esteem is known to fluctuate significantly. It is estimated that up to a half of adolescents will struggle with low self-esteem, many of these occurrences during the early teen years. For a teen in search of identity, low self-esteem can harm budding relationships, trust in others, their ability to achieve their dreams, and their happiness. Unfortunately, improving your childs view of themselves and their abilities can be a real challenge, because the issue is complicated by their tendency to measure their worth in terms of their looks. There are several important predictors of an adolescents self-esteem: transitions, social stability, and the most influential-appearance. A number of studies have revealed that there is a strong correlation between teenagers who express dissatisfaction with their appearance and those who have low level of self-esteem. The correlation is even stronger among teenage girls as a response to the social pressures generated by the media about what is perfect or ideal. What Your Teens Body Language Says about Low Self-Esteem How do you know if your teen has good self-esteem? An adolescent with positive self-esteem is confident, positive, responsible, trusting, and independent but cooperative, with a good sense of self-direction and control. Other signs include consciousness of their strengths, the ability to say no, and the ability to accept their limitations and shortcomings, resolve their issues, and manage their feelings. Conversely, poor self-esteem can outwardly manifest in being perpetually negative and critical of themselves, perfectionism, and fear of being scoffed at. They will not make decisions, fearing risks or blame for any untoward repercussion. They feel unloved and inadequate, and they are always suspicious of people and their intentions. Some of the observable signs of poor self-worth that you would want to note are pervasive insecurity shown by walking or talking with their heads down to avoid eye contact, being self-critical, using negative statements about themselves, and perpetually apologizing. Wanting to elevate their perceived status, they may tease others, gossip, or engage in name-calling. They may also attract attention by talking loudly, bragging, or using excessive gestures. If this is your teen, get their symptoms assessed-the sooner, the better. Supplementing Parental Care with Counseling There is nothing better than raising your child in a loving and supportive environment. Be aware, however, that it cant guarantee that your teen will have a perfect life or that you can fix all their issues. There is a world outside your home and there are influences beyond your control. Nevertheless, you can make it easier for your child to enjoy their adolescence. With the right help from a counselor contracted with Carolina Counseling Services in Sanford, NC, to supplement your care, it is achievable. A teens self-esteem is like a roller-coaster ride-there will be ups and downs. This is normal. While many teenagers can handle the stage on their own, they may need help when the going gets tough. With the help of an experienced counselor independently contracted with Carolina Counseling Services in Sanford, NC, your child can realize their full potential and grow into a responsible and independent adult who learns from their mistakes. When your child becomes too hard on themselves because they arent slimmer, fairer, smarter, or more in fashion, be there for them to affirm their worth. If their reaction is extreme to the point of obsession, try to understand them and find help so they can develop healthy self-acceptance and self-worth. This is how a CCS-contracted therapist can help.ÂÂ   Call now for an appointment!

HM Supply Chain and Logistics Management Strategies

HM Supply Chain and Logistics Management Strategies Introduction Hennes Mauritz AB, abbreviated to HM, a Sweden-based global fashion retail company, was established in 1947, serving a business concept of offering good-quality product with the best price along with making sustainability (HM, 2014a). HM is the world second largest fashion retailer. In 2013, HM has opened 356 new stores and expanded into five new markets: Chile, Indonesia, Serbia, Lithuania and Estonia (Passport, 2014). HM is a pioneer of ‘fast fashion’ which inspired by the trendy catwalk fashion and transformed them into affordable fashion frequently. Rather than being followers, it perceives the bid of consumer-lead (Passport, 2014). HM manages its brand with a combination of Uniqlo’s and ZARA’s marketing strategies, which are using long product development cycles and building efficient supply chain (Petro, 2012). This report will critically evaluate the supply chain and logistics management strategies of HM. Which markets have been targeted and why? Demographically, HM aims to target younger age groups, especially those who aged 18 to 30 and are sensitive to the latest fashion and trend. HM fundamentally advocates for offering quality products with the unbeatable value and a high frequency of launching new products (HM, 2014a). It has divided its customers based into two distinct groups which are practical customers and trendy customers. The former requires basic and comfortable garments while the latter seeks for fashionable and sartorial products. The number of â€Å"global middle class† will expected to expand to 4.9 billion by 2030, compared to 1.8 billion in 2009, significantly contributing by Asia (Pezzini, 2012). The upsurge of the middle class in Asian countries are believed to be sufficient to cope up with the impetus for world demand (Kharas, 2010). Kharas (2010) also stated that the rebound of consumer demand would depend not only on USA, but also Asian countries, especially China and India. Therefore, geographically, HM not only targets at the Western Europe, where generated almost 71% of revenues in 2013, but also widely targets at USA and Asia Pacific (Passport, 2014). Figure 1.1 indicated that there is significant increase sales in both North America and Asia Pacific. What has been Zara’s approach to Supply Chain Management? HM employs 160 in-house designers who officially work together with pattern makers and print designers to create HM a wide variety of products. They strive to find the right balance among fashion, quality and best price as well as involving sustainability awareness. Although HM collection are centrally planned, it does not own any factories instead of outsourcing from 800 independent suppliers, approximately 40% in Europe and 60% in Asia (Petro, 2012). In addition, HM has set up 21 production office outside Sweden, 50% of them are based in Asia and 50% of them are based in Europe (Tokatli, 2008). Due to geographic and lead time priorities, HM still persists in choosing Europe as production countries rather than China (Goransson et al, 2007). HM develops a long-term partnership and works closely with these suppliers to ensure its product quality. These suppliers are examined and evaluated twice a year to determine their performance and keep maintain good communication in order to respond to changeable demand (Siegle, 2013). Moreover, HM requires all its suppliers, subcontractor and business partners to sign the Code of Conduct which is implemented in every aspects of the organisation. Full commitment with the Code must be fulfilled throughout the supply chain. HM seldom works with middlemen. It strategically works with its production offices that are closely located to its suppliers and served as the second hub of information flow. From choosing suppliers, handling production process, reviewing sample to checking quality, HM can maximise its efficiency to be more responsive to customers demand. HM basically launches two seasonal collections each year, producing approximately 2000-4000 items on average (Tokatli, 2008). Sub-collections have also been offered within each season in order to continually update its inventory. Usually, the main collection would be long-lead time items whereas the sub-collection would be short-lead time items (Petro, 2012). HM will produce 80% of its products in advance (Cha, 2013) and the lead time of producing the remaining 20% may vary, generally from two weeks to six months (Saini, 2007). HM also develops its production plan six to twelve months in advance, coordinating with the purchasing process accordingly. This planning system helps to achieve its belief in exceeding customer expectations and contributing sustainable work in the supply chain. The process from designing products to retailing takes only 20 days to complete (Saminather, 2007). HM has developed an IT system which connected each store with corporate logistics, procurement systems and the central warehouse (Petro, 2012). This system enables the visibility of the entire process to every departments that involved. As a result, a more securable and effective management can be applied across all channels. What market entry strategies have been adopted and why? How do HM manage their marketing channels? Its expansion target is to open 10%-15% new stores per year and this can be implemented by its marketing strategy that is increasing like-for-like sales (Passport, 2014). In spite of reporting that HM like-for-like sales figures have been declined for five consecutive months, it still plans to open 350 new stores in 2014 (Milne, 2013). Despite the concern that excessive store numbers could affect HM’s cachet, but the rapid growth of consumer demand is highly enough to support its expansion (Passport, 2014). In fact, HM has 3511 stores across 55 countries in 2014, compared to 3132 stores across 53 countries in 2013 (HM, 2014a), accounting for 379 additional stores. HM’s expansion strategy in emerging markets is through establishing wholly-owned subsidiaries in order to maintain its direct operational control (HM, 2014a). All HM stores are run by HM, therefore, franchising would not be its favourable method. Nevertheless, some excepted markets necessarily need collaboration via franchising. For instant, HM reached a franchise agreement with Kuwait-based company, M.H. Alshaya to expand market in the Middle East. This partnership ensures a great success in bringing HM’s spirit to a new market. Joint venture can be considered as a dominant option for multinational enterprise (MNE) to discover emerging markets (Zhou and Xu, 2012). HM adopted a 51:49 joint venture with Mumbai-based firm Tata Group. This allows HM to better understand the know-how of local market before accessing to foreign markets, meanwhile, the Indian government regulates 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) in single brand retailing, unleashing market liberalisation (Passport, 2014). These two opportunities inevitably assist HM to enter Indian market. It aims to invest â‚ ¬100 million for opening 50 stores in India, focusing not only in major cities such as New Delhi and Mumbai, but also other cities like Ahmedabad and Jaipur (Passport, 2014). HM has chosen vertical integration as one of its business strategies to better control the whole supply chain. From manufacturing to assembling, merchandising to retailing, all these processes are under its control. It works closely with its production offices, suppliers and buyers. While finish designing at Stockholm headquarters, its partnership suppliers will seek for the most suitable raw materials and matched them for assembling. HM places bulk order to minimise the risk of price fluctuation and enjoy a certain level of economy of scale (Goransson et al, 2007). Then, the production offices will arrange for merchandising. HM stores do not prepare any buffer stock, but are replenished from the nearest distribution centre. 90% of HM’s goods is transported from the suppliers’ warehouses to distribution centres via Hamburg, the main transit point of HM, by rail or sea (HM 2014a). Those garments are generally served with price tags and ready for sale (Hasan and Alim, 201 0). How is the brand differentiated and how is it positioned? HM identifies a sustainable competitive advantage for its brand through providing augmented products. The purpose of creating augmented products is to add value to supplementary elements, aiming to exceed customer expectation (Crassous and Gassmann, 2011). HM realises the fact that customers are not well-prepared to pay extra money for sustainable value, but it is believed to be a leading trend in the future (HM, 2014b). Hence, HM emphasizes offering the best price, not the cheapest price, certainly involving a part of sustainability. It would never compromise the commitment of providing fashionable and quality products with the best price. HM is positioning itself as an ethical company that produce fast-fashion and ethics simultaneously (Siegle, 2012). For example, HM has invested heavily in sustainability in order to remove the label of ‘disposable’ fashion manufacturer (Passport, 2014). It realises how important the natural resources to them, thus, it makes use of 13.7% of organic cotton over total cotton use. According to Textile Exchange (2014), HM is listed as the world top users of organic cotton. It also changes its linear production model to circular production model to serve conscious fashion. HM no longer focus on making short-term profit, it has stated the importance of developing long-term sustainability to be a significant differentiator (HM, 2014b). For instant, HM has collaborated many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as Fair Labour Association (FLA) and Fair Wages Network to develop a criteria for benchmarking sustainability to entire industry (HM, 2014b). Furthermore, the transparency of HM’s supply chain is another key differentiation from other fast fashion retailers. HM made an effort of creating supply chain transparency by publishing its supplier’s factory list. HM is one of the few fashion companies to publish its supplier factory list (Doward, 2012). Is Country of Origin (COO) significant? COO could influence on customer-based brand equity, especially in B2C markets. It has added values to the brand and the perceived quality, one of the factors of brand equity, has been recognised as a driving force in order to generate brand awareness (Chen et al, 2011). However, the strength of the link of COO across products may differ as the variation in product categories can be hard to identify (Tseng and Balabanis, 2011). For example, the credibility of French perfumes and Russia vodka are high, compared to the credibility fast fashion. The latter is more concern with the style of fashion rather than COO. Thus, the Swedish original roots may not be significant in inspiring HM collection that what target customers are expected. In comparison to Sweden, Milan, Paris and Tokyo are more likely to be defined as global fashion cities (Jansson and Power, 2010). Therefore, HM’s COO is unlikely to be significant in influencing customer purchasing decisions. Have there been issues of supply chain ethics or provenance? HM’s commitment is to be ethical through its value chain, steadily rooted in its belief. A great efforts have been paid with awarded the world most ethical company (HM, 2014b). In spite of adhere to be ethical, some unexpected issues might occur under its vertical control. However, HM tried its own best to best solving those problems. For example, a Bangladeshi factory that making clothing for HM and other companies prone to fires due to poor safety standard (Hickman, 2010). HM alleged that it only bought a small portion of garments from this factory. However, it appointed representatives to visit that place immediately to support those affected and their families. HM has regularly audited this factory and announced that this factory has attained the Code of Conduct. Following this unwanted incident, HM produced a series of short films, concerning fire safety and other ethical issues in order to enhance workers’ vigilance (Siegle, 2012). Another example was 288 Turkish workers were suffered from verbal harassment during HM’s external assessment. HM followed up this circumstance and settled down by giving proper training to their supervisors and putting less pressure on them (Fair Labour Association (FLA), 2009). Conclusion In conclusion, this report has evaluated the supply chain and logistics management strategies of HM. Vertical brand, HM achieves its best prices promise by employing in-house designers, having no middlemen, choosing its own suppliers, utilising resources in every part of business, and the most important aspect is having effective logistic management within the supply chain. The highly responsive supply chain distinct HM from its competitors, enabling HM to react quickly to the up-dated fashion trend. The selected suppliers not only responsible for manufacturing quality product, but also ensuring the processes are operated under good ethical conditions. Sustainability plays an important role in implementing HM business strategy. HM works very hard to be recognised as an ethical company. These remarkable achievements will obviously lead an increase in brand reputation and customer confidence Therefore, it is essential for HM to continuously place sustainability as its primary objective to clearly become HM’s competitive advantage. References Cha, Y (2013) ‘The Big 3: Fast Fashion (SPA) Brands and Strategies’, Maeil Business Newspaper, 9 June. Chen, Y. ,Su, Y. and Lin, F. (2011) ‘Country-of-origin effects and antecedents of industrial brand equity’, Journal of Business Research, 64, p1234-1238. Crassous, T. and Gassmann, J. (2011) ‘Gaining Competitive Advantage through Green Marketing’, Department of Marketing, 3(37), p1-72. Doward, J. (2012) ‘HM comes under pressure to act on child-labour cotton’, The Guardian, 15 December. [Online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/dec/15/cotton-child-labour-uzbekistan-fashion (Accessed: 2 April 2015) Fair Labour Association (FLA) (2009) Preventing Harassment of Workers in Turkey [Online] Available at: http://www.fairlabor.org/impact/case-studies/study/preventing-harassment-workers-turkey (Accessed: 29 January 2015) Goransson, S. , Jonsson, A. and Persson, M. (2007) ‘Extreme Business-Models in the Clothing Industry-A case study of HM and ZARA’, The Department of Business Studies, p1-92. Hasan, M.R. and Alim, M.A. (2010) Factors Affecting Supply Chain Management Efficiency in Cross Border Outsourcing: A case study of HM and its Outsourcing Operations in Bangladesh, Master Degree Thesis. University of Gothenburg. HM (2010) Code of Conduct. [Online] Available at: http://sustainability.hm.com/content/dam/hm/about/documents/en/CSR/codeofconduct/Code%20of%20Conduct_en.pdf (Accessed: 5 March 2015) HM (2014a) Annual Report 2014, HM Hennes Mauritz AB, Sweden. HM (2014b) Sustainability Report 2013, HM Hennes Mauritz AB, Sweden. HM (2015) Design Process. [Online] Available at: http://about.hm.com/en/About/facts-about-hm/idea-to-store/design-process.html (Accessed: 3 March 2015) Hickman, M. (2010) ‘21 workers die in fire at HM factory’, The Independent, 2 March. [Online] Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/21-workers-die-in-fire-at-hm-factory-1914292.html (14 February 2015) Jansson, J. and Power, D. (2010) ‘Fashioning a global city: Global city brand channels in the fashion and design industries’, Regional Studies, 44 (7), p889- 904. Kharas, H (2010) The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries. OECD Development Centre. Milne, R (2013) ‘Late spring chills HM sales’, The Financial Times, 21 March. [Online] Available at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/05fd4e46-9201-11e2-a6f4-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3X7QRARt9 (Accessed: 20 March 2015) Passport (2014) ‘HM Hennes Mauritz AB in Retailing (World)’, Euro monitor International. Pezzini, M (2012) An Emerging Middle Class. OECD Development Centre. Petro, G. (2012) ‘The Future of Fashion Retailing The HM Approach’, The Forbes, 11 May. [Online] Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/gregpetro/2012/11/05/the-future-of-fashion-retailing-the-hm-approach-part-3-of-3/ Saini, M. (2007) Analysis of clothing supply chain: Integration Marriage of Lean Agile, PhD thesis. The University of Salford. Saminather, N (2007) ‘How HM’s copying with Retail Travails?’, Bloomberg, 3 January. [Online] Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2007-01-03/how-h-and-ms-coping-with-retail-travailsbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice Siegle, L. (2012) ‘Is HM the new home fashion?’, The Guardian, 7 April. [Online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/apr/07/hennes-mauritz-h-and-m Siegle, L. (2013) ‘HM: How ethical are your clothes?’, The Guardian, 6 October. [Online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/oct/06/ethical-high-street-clothes-hm Textile Exchange (2014) ‘Organic Cotton Report’, Textile Exchange, 31 July. The Boston Consulting Group (2005) Taking Care of Brands through Vertical Integration. [Online] Available at: http://www.bcg.com.cn/export/sites/default/en/files/publications/articles_pdf/Taking_Care_Brands_Through_Vertical_Integration_Nov2005.pdf (Accessed: 20 February 2015) Tokatli, N. (2008) ‘Global Sourcing: insight from the global clothing industry – the case of Zara, a fast fashion retailer’, Journal of Economic Geography, 8, p. 21-38. Tseng, T. and Balabanis, G. (2011) ‘Explaining the product-specificity of country-of-origin effects’, International Marketing Review, 28(6), p581-600. Zhou, K.Z. and Xu, D. (2012), ‘How Foreign Firms Curtail Local Supplier Opportunism in China: Detailed Contracts, Centralized Control, and Relational Governance’, Journal of International Business Studies, 43 (7), p677-692.

The Great War And The Shaping of the 20th Century Essay -- Essays Pape

The Great War And The Shaping of the 20th Century Another man is killed; Another family receives a telegram saying that a loved one was killed in battle; The family will never be the same again without the presence of this man. This is an effort to explain some of the impact that World War I had on millions of individuals. This sequence of events was conducted over and over millions of times during WWI. So why were there so many deaths?Who were the instigators of a war that caused so much suffering, not just in family life, but in society in general? What were some of the effects that war had on society? To answer these questions, it is necessary to look at history, prior to the war, and examine the actions of certain individuals and explain the effects that these actions had on European society. For example, the â€Å"Black Hand†, the Serbian nationalists who assassinated Austria’s Archduke Francis Ferdinand, Kaiser Wilhelm II, and Count Leopold von Berchtold all are specific individuals who greatly contributed to the beginning of the war.[i] The first instigator of WWI to be discussed is the "Black Hand." The Black Hand was a group of Serbian Nationalists that were convinced that Serbia was not receiving the attention that they deserved from the bigger country of Austria-Hungary, led by Austria’s Archduke Francis Ferdinand. The tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary had greatened when Austria- Hungary took over the two provincesof Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, before Serbia could claim the land. Gavrilo Princip, a member of the "Black Hand," assassinated Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 when he went into Sarajevo to review the newly acclaimed territories. The price he paid for refusing to give "a bigger place in the su... ...otten during its reign.†[xiv] [i] Camille Bloch, The Causes Of The World War (New York: Howard Fertig Inc., 1968), p. 9. [ii] S.L.A. Marshall, The American Heritage of World War I (American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1964), p. 17. [iii] Marshall, p. 17. [iv] Marshall, p. 8, 9. [v] Bloch, p. 48. [vi] Bloch, p. 49. [vii] Bloch, p. 59. [viii]Marshall, p. 26. [ix] Marshall, p. 25. [x] Rene Albrecht-Carrie, The Meaning of the First World War (New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc., 1965), p. 57. [xi] Marshall, p. 28. [xii] Anver Offer, The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), p. 345. [xiii]Offer, p. 342. [xiv] Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy, The War and German Society: A Testament of a Liberal (New York: Howard Fertig, 1971), p. 15.

Essay --

The Importance of the Mayflower Compact The Mayflower Compact was written as a temporary form of government due to the unfair treatment that was endured by some of the Mayflower occupants. They also felt that the order should come from someone of much higher authority i.e. the king. The colonists were also unruly due to the lack of government; therefore some of the colonist thought they could do what they preferred. But by signing of the Mayflower Compact, did put the end to all the unrest while aboard the Mayflower. After John Smith landed at Plymouth, they felt they had landed at a place that was not controlled by London (the king). The mayflower carried a hundred and two passengers. They had travelled about 3,000 miles only to land north of their destination. They had hoped to begin a colony out of the mouth of the Hudson River the site of today’s New York City. This would have placed the colony within the geographic boundaries the king outlined in the Virginia Company of Plymouth’s charter. Some group of businessmen invested money to start the colony. In return they hoped to profit from the products of the New World. The company’s charter outlined how the settlement would be governed. But the Mayflower’s passengers had drifted outside the charter’s boundaries. Now they were off the ship of Cape Cod on November 9 1620, with no laws to govern them. The passengers list showed that the colonists needed to create a government. Out of the hundred and two passengers’ fourth-one were pilgrims seeking a place they could practice their religion. They had separated from the Church of England over religious differences. The pilgrims had lived for a time in Holland, now they hoped to make a new start. Basically these pilgrims need... ...Bradford's nephew" in New England's Memorial (1669). The three versions had a difference in the wording, spelling, capitalizing and punctuation. The compact created the idea of a social contact. A social contract is an actual or hypothetical compact between the ruled and their rules that defines the rights and duties of each. Although specific duties were not assigned to each colonist, a concept of higher order was established by the election of the first governor of the New Plymouth. It was not until the American Revolution that the Mayflower Compact received much attention. At this time the new nation began looking back to the roots of this self-government. Today the compact is often viewed as the first example of the American democracy as a social contract. But it is also understood that idea come from the practical need for unity to service in the wildness.

Comparing My Dad and Me Essay -- Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing My Dad and Me In a world of over six billion people, what could be more boring than a bunch of look-alike clones? Everyone on this earth shares certain traits with others. Each person, though, shares more similarities with some people than with others. Strong similarities can be seen most frequently among family members, most likely because people in one family come from the same gene pool. My dad and I represent prime examples of people who share a lot in common. Regardless of how much we resemble each other, though, we are different people and always will be. Setting aside the physical differences between my dad and me – I am significantly taller but have a smaller build than he – quickly reveals our similarities. Though the majority of our shared traits come as a result of the fact that I received many of his genes, our most important similarity– our faith in and fervent love for our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ – does not exist in anyone’s genes. Rather, this comes exclusively from God. Every day my dad goes out and fixes garage doors. Working in people’s garages on a daily basis, he gets numerous opportunities to talk to people. Just about every day, my dad has a chance to share his faith with others. Not only does he deal honestly and fairly with his customers, he frequently talks to them about his belief in God and explains why Jesus died 2000 years ago – for them. Likewise, I often must defend my beliefs in school. In past English classes, we have had many debates on a great variety of moral issues and I have been able to give my stance on â€Å"the issues,† based on what the Bible, God’s Word, teaches. Hopefully, I will have additional opportunities in American Government class and possibly even in English.... ...I. He does not mind confronting people when they do something with which he does not agree. I have a more difficult time confronting people. When I do, so as not to anger them, I beat around the bush rather than telling them blatantly that they are wrong. While my dad and I are very similar even in such little things as our mannerisms, our similarities do not in any way, shape, or form make us the same person. No two people are the same, in spite of all their likenesses. If we were all exactly alike, what good would we be? If we all excelled in construction work and could build anything from a shed to a skyscraper, who would prepare food? If everyone cooked, who would treat the sick and injured? More fundamentally, who would make the equipment used for cooking? People identify us by who we are, by our differences – not by what we have in common with everyone else.

Flight Centre Case Study

Flight Centre Graham Turner structured the company as families, villages and tribes. The creation of this unique system has also worked to the company? advantage. It provides incentives based on outcomes. The Flight centre? system is based on the idea that people work best in their preferred environment within the larger organisation rather than trying to fit them into the company? mould. The employees believe ? hat gets rewarded gets done.? they are hard workers but also enjoy the many social aspects of the company including buzz nights, award ceremonies and team get-togethers. This essay would focus on how flight centre has structured with the four aspects of the organisation structure. Explains how flight centre has integrated the Mintzberg? five elements to its structure. This essay would also highlights the roles of functional and social specialization. Finally, the metaphors used by flight centre would be discussed. Structure of Flight Centre The importance of organisational structuring and restructuring to organisational effectiveness cannot be over emphasized. Effective organisational design or organisational structuring pays immense dividends, no matter how large or small the organisation is (HRODC , 2006). The founder of the Flight Centre Ltd, Graham Turner claims that people are hard wired to work in small groups within larger groups. To understand this unique structure the four aspects of organisation structure, complexity, formalization, centralization and coordination, can be used. Complexity refers to the way in which the organization is divided into different divisions, departments, groups, or individual roles, each with its own tasks and responsibilities. Vertical differentiation refers to the number of hierarchical levels in an organization (Robbins & Barnwell, 2006). At the Flight centre, the operation level involves retail shops. Each shop involves three to seven people working on one brand which is called a family. The area or a ? illage? involves 7 or 10 families within one geographical region. The tribal country is a set of three or four villages. Each tribe is a different brand, brands include corporate traveler, flight centre and student flights (refer appendix 1). In horizontal differentiation, different parts of the organization become specialized in different activities to increase efficiency (Robbins & Barnwell, 2006). All shops of flight centre sell similar services even though the names (corporate traveler, flight centre and student flights) are different which makes it easy to coordinate activities and to communicate among families. Moreover, due to the similarities of jobs within a family, there are no differences between the staff. However, a special horizontal clustered family consisting of HR, IT and marketing professionals, provides administrative services for retail shops. By clustering different types of functions and activities on any one level of the hierarchy has the advantage of application of higher technical knowledge for solving problems and greater group and professional identification (Luthans, 1986). Flight centre has more than 800 shops spatially dispersed. High-rise of overseas shops would increase the number of tribes, villages, families and employees. As a result, it would be difficult to communicate, coordinate and control. According to Baumard & Starbuck (2006), the members of spatially dispersed organizations seek appreciation within networks of friends and relatives, and they form subcultures that spread across several organizations and that may be more important to them than their focal organization. These communities encompass more aspects of their lives than the strict duties of their work contracts so work and leisure infiltrate each other. Formalization refers to the extent to which rules, regulations, job descriptions, policies, and procedures govern the operation of an organization. Robbins & Barnwell, 2006). Although the flight centre has a flat structure; it has three levels (tribe, village and family) which shows that there is a hierarchy within the structure. Flight centre also follows certain standards to sustain in the business. Flight centre maintain the levels and number of families, villages and tribes. Each family can sell a single service, Entry age to Flight centre is normally 25 y ears. Managers of the shops can take 10% profit and may own up to 20% of their shop. Some rituals include ? uzz nights? one a month and formal get-togethers. Centralization refers to the degree to which decision-making is concentrated at one point in the organization. At flight centre, there are no confusions about people's goals, tasks, style of functioning, reporting relationship and sources of information. The ? ountry? buys services for villages and families. A centralized structure provides people with a clear picture of how their work fits into the organization. The SWOT teams analyze innovations and new ideas. However, at flight centre, there is no centralized control of the head office. Coordination is integration of activities of specialized units towards the common objective. (Anderson, 1988). Programmed coordination requires advanced planning and is often used where there are a small number of expected occurrences (Argote, 1982). Programmed coordination is common in the flight centre. A head office team coordinates administrative services and marketing. Like wise, SWOT teams direct new businesses. All the retail shops are individually coordinated by the shop managers. Furthermore, get-togethers and Buzz-nights are informally coordinated. Common Elements in Organisation One framework proposed by Henry Mintzberg suggests that every organization has five parts (illustrated in appendix 2). The five parts of the organization may vary in size and importance depending on the organization? environment, technology and other factors (Robbins & Barnwell, 2006). At the bottom of the organization is the operating core. At the flight centre, it is referred to the members of the family (retail shops), employees who do the basic work of selling or delivering the services. The Strategic apex is charged to ensure that the organization executes its mission. Flight centre has a unique way of distribution of powers where all authorities are not given to the tribes. However, the tribal country or the regional office is the centre that administrates the brands (corporate traveler, flight centre and student flights) which are retail shops. They also facilitate training and recruitment, buying holiday packages and other employee related services to the villages. Moreover, the head office or the board could also be taken in to consideration because they would be establishing and monitoring the company? visions, goals and strategies. Each family or the retail shop has a manager who connects the operating core to the strategic apex. Moreover, managers of the administrative families (head office teams) would also be included. They are responsible for implementation and coordination at the departmental level. The technostructure of the flight centre involves the HR, IT and marketing professionals who have the responsibility for effecting forms of standardization in the organisation. According to the flight centre report (1999), due to the recruitment system, they have changed the way they identify and attract the best staff. Moreover, technostructure would also include the flight centre SWOT teams where they focus on innovations and try new ideas. Support staff refers to the people that provide indirect support services. Support staff of flight centre includes legal Counselors, cafeteria Workers, security guards and peons. In any organisation, one of the above five (strategic apex, operating core, technostructure, middle line and support staff) would be dominant. The organisation is formed according to the dominating element. When the strategic apex is dominant, control is centralized and it forms a simple structure (Beshears, 2006). At the Flight centre, functions the strategic apex appear to be more dominant than the other aspects. Firstly, the powers of the organisation are dispersed to some level at the flight centre, regional office or the tribal country administrates the brands (corporate traveler, flight centre and student flights) which are retail shops. They also facilitate training and recruitment, buying holiday packages and other employee related services to the village and can be considered as more centrally controlled. Secondly, the SWOT teams and the administrative teams are specialized; all other families do a standardized work, which involves servicing customers and selling products. The structure of flight centre could also be considered flat because it only has three levels and the operating core reports to their respective managers. Some advantages include clear accountability and flexibility to respond to the issues of the customers. Decision-making at the Flight centre appeared to be limited. The tribal country makes decisions regarding administrative the technical matters. The tribal country facilitates brands and other employee related services to the villages and families. Moreover, shop managers make decisions at the family level although the travel consultants are empowered. Even though Flight centre have more similarities of a strategic apex it also has a few differences. As the flight centre has more than 800 retail shops worldwide and in each year 150 more shops are adding up, the operations would be complex because it would have more families, villages and tribe which would make communication and coordination barriers. Furthermore, some authorities are decentralized from the tribal country, such authorities include buying products from wholesalers. Roles of functional and social specialization As organisations become large and physically dispersed, it requires people with specialized knowledge and skills to attend to problems professionally and reduce waste. The main functional areas in the flight centre include HR, marketing and information technology. In the rapidly changing business environment Information technology has becomes a vehicle for helping firms to reach their business goal more effectively. Flight Centre is well placed to keep pace with industry changes. As the flight centre is geographically dispersed, information technology enables them with quicker and more effective communication and customer support. Social specialization that is required by the IT professionals includes attending to faults 24-hours because flight centre is worldwide organisation where they deal with traveling and ticketing. If an IT personnel is not available, all the operations might come to a halt because tickets and holiday packages are sold worldwide. In a successful organisation, employees are seen as their primary source of competitive advantage. One of the success factors of Flight centre is that they continuously identify and adopt innovative human resource management policies and practices to sustain that advantage. It also include how they have structured their work and designed their training, performance management, pay, and reward policies to help members of flight centre to succeed in achieving desired outcomes. In other words, they have aligned their HRM policies and practices to reinforce employee behaviors that can best realize the leaders' strategic intent. As HR professionals, they would ensure that equal employment opportunities (EEO) are not violated. The marketing department of the flight centre is like the center of a wagon wheel with each spoke connected to other departments (in- and out-side the company) including sales, production, research, advertising, etc. The center of the wheel connects the various parts so they work in harmony. With this analogy, it is easy to see that the main function of marketing is managing relationships in the organization, with outside vendors, and the consumer. Without marketing there is no consumer and without the consumer there is no use for the product or service the company is producing (University of California, 2005). Standards that are required by the marketing professionals include, caring all stakeholders: customers, employees, suppliers and distributors, local communities in which they do business, society, and the environment. For example, in promotional activities such as advertising, they would respect the host country? culture. Centralizing and Decentralizing Decentralization refers to decision making at lower levels in the hierarchy of authority. In contrast, decision making in a centralized type of organizational structure is at higher levels. The degree of centralization and de-centralization depends on the number of levels of hierarchy, degree of coordination, specialization and span of control (Luthens, 1986). The main reason that the ? ountry? as a business unit buys services for villages and families is to achieve economy of scale and to reduce waste. If the villages or the families buy services, it would increase the cost and repetition. To reduce complexity and to make coordination easy, a head office team facilitates HR, IT and marketing services. To follow a certain reporting duty each family is empowered with a manager. It would reduce the volume of day-to-day communication between the tribe and the family and have a clear accountability. Decentralizing the authority to the travel consultants would reduce the probability of information overload and would facilitates rapid response to all customers. It would also reduce the stress and burdens of senior management. As travel consultants, they would have a better knowledge of local conditions affecting their areas of work. This would allow them to make more informed, well-judged choices. Moreover, motivates travel consultants and can enhance their skill development opportunities. However, decentralizing would reduce consistency in decision-making and some sometimes customers may perceive it as unfair. Advantages of using metaphors To recognize and cope with the idea that all theories of organization and management are based on metaphors that persuades people to see, understand, and imagine situations in partial ways. Moreover, Metaphors create ways of seeing and shaping organizational life. Any metaphor can be very persuasive (Morgan, 1997). The metaphors that are used at the Flight centre are family, village and tribal country. As all the retail shops are considered as families, it shows the equality among shops, which would create less comparison and competition among families. Moreover, giving uniform service to the customers. As employees are bonded up in small teams like a families, it gives them identity where they belong. It would also create close relationships within families and also gives the manager a clear picture of the capabilities of individual staff. Moreover, makes decisions more effective. Creating families, villages and tribes in areas of countries would allow flight centre to adjust their services according to the specific culture of the region rather than generalizing to the whole county or state. For example, in Australia a certain area would dominate Indians, so rather than adjusting their services and marketing strategies to the Australian community they could adjust their services to the Indian market. Conclusion This essay has discussed how flight centre has structured with the four aspects of the organisation structure. At the Flight centre, the operation level involves retail shops. Each shop involves three to seven people working on one brand which is called a family. All shops of flight centre sell similar services. Flight centre has more than 800 shops spatially dispersed. High-rise of overseas shops would increase the number of tribes, villages, families and employees. Programmed coordination is common in the flight centre. A head office team coordinates administrative services and marketing. As the flight centre is geographically dispersed, information technology enables them with quicker and more effective communication and customer support. Social specialization that is required by the IT professionals includes attending to faults 24-hours because flight centre is worldwide organisation where they deal with traveling and ticketing Decentralizing the authority to the travel consultants would reduce the probability of information overload and would facilitates rapid response to all customers. As employees are bonded up in small teams like a families, it gives them identity where they belong. It would also create close relationships within families and also gives the manager a clear picture of the capabilities of individual staff. 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Retrieved September 07, 2006, from http://career. berkeley. edu/Article/021011a. stm Morgan, G. (1997). Images of Organization, (2nd Ed), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Appendix 1 – vertical differentiation of flight centre