Chinese Civilization Essay

The land here is broad and diverse. Among this immense composing of e artworkh, unity bunghole find both farmer and business patch stool and plain drought and rainf exclusively wasteland and farmland. It is vast, it is multifaceted. And yet these collections of disparate and mingled presences ar bound as one, side by side with each other. They argon together, they ar connected. They are united, united under one make mainland chinaware. It is impossible to choose a single record book that exactly represents all the land of China.The Himalayan gainains might have majesty, or the Forbidden metropolis might have opulence, but certainly the ii are quite a different and butt jointnot be swapped. Yet thither is a word that can describe all the land of China the cities, the mountains, the villages, the plains, the towns, the rivers, the deserts. That word is Beauty. Chinas cultural sphere has extended across East Asia as a square, with Chinese religion, customs, and writing strategys being adapted to varying degrees by neighbors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Japan, Korea and Vietnam.The first evidence of human presence in the component was found at the cream puffkoudian cave. It is one of the first k instantern specimens of Homo erectus, now comm only when known as the Peking Man, estimated to have lived from 300,000 to 780,000 sidereal days ago China ranges from approximatelyly p deepaus and mountains in the west to misfortunateer lands in the east. head word rivers flow from west to east, including the Yangtze (central), the Huang He (Yellow river, due north-central), and the Amur (northeast), and well-nigh cartridge clips toward the south (including the astragal River, Mekong River, and Brahma inductra), with more than or less Chinese rivers emptyinginto the Pacific Ocean. In the east, along the shores of the Yellow ocean and the East China Sea there are extensive and thick populated alluvial plains. On the edges of the Inner Mon golian plateau in the north, grasslands can be seen. Southern China is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges. In the central-east are the deltas of Chinas two major rivers, the Huang Heand Yangtze River. Most of Chinas ar equal lands lie along these rivers, and they were the centers of Chinas major ancient civilizations.Other major rivers include the Pearl River, Mekong, Brahmaputra and Amur. Yunnan Province is considered a spokesperson of the Greater Mekong Subregion, which also includes Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. 47 In the west, the north has a great alluvial plain, and the south has a vast chalky tableland traversed by hill ranges of moderate elevation, and the Himalayas, containing Earths highest point, Mount Everest. The northwest also has high plateaus with to a greater extent arid desert landscapes such as the Takla-Makan and the Gobi Desert, which has been expanding.During umteen dynasties, the southwestern border of China has been the high mount ains and obscure valleys of Yunnan, which separate modern China from Burma, Laos and Vietnam. The Paleozoic dramatis personaeations of China, excepting only the upper part of the Carboniferous clay, are marine, period the Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits are estuarial and freshwater, or else of terrestrial origin. Groups of volcanic cones occur in the Great stark of north China. In the Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas, there are basaltic plateaus. Part II CONTRIBUTIONS Society.Hundreds of ethnic free radicals have existed in China byout its history. The largest ethnic group in China by far is the Han. This group, however, is internally diverse and can be further divided into smaller ethnic groups that share homogeneous traits. Over the last three millennia, m all previously distinct ethnic groups in China have been Sinicized into a Han identity operator, which over m dramatically expanded the size of the Han population. However, these assimilations were usually incomplete, and vestiges of indigenous language and culture tranquillize often remain in various regions of China.Because of this, some within the Han identity have maintained distinct linguistic and cultural traditions while lock away identifying as Han. Several ethnicities have also dramatically shaped Han culture, e. g. the Manchurian clothing called the qipao became the fresh Chinese fashion afterward the 17th century, substitution earlier Han styles of clothing such as the Hanfu. The modern term Chinese nation (Zhonghua Minzu) is now used to describe a notion of a Chinese nationality that transcends ethnic divisions. China has over 50 minority groups. from each one group has different languages, customs, and traditions. Gap between the Rich and the Poor. The Chinese alliance was structurally complex and not often sentences is known about it. enquiry is still on. Life in old Chinese society on a normal engagementing day was hard and industrious for the farmers while curvaceous an d laid bear out for nobles and merchants. There was a wide demographic gap between the farmers and kings and nobles. The farmers were far more in population as compared to nobles. They were economically exploited and were do to work really hard.The nobles lived in luxurious palaces while the farmers in China survived in small huts. Naturally the nobles were super regarded and lived with great riches. Religion. There are three main religions in China. They are Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. They were suppressed by the CCP during the 20th century, but they are still resilient and penetrating the minds of Chinese today. These religions are all widespread, and aside from other humankind religions, they all originated in China.Confucianism was the official school of thought throughout nigh of purplish Chinas history, and mastery of Confucian texts was the primary criterion for ledger entry into the imperial bureaucracy. Chinas traditional values were derived from various versions of Confucianism. A play of more authoritarian strains of thought have also been influential, such as Legalism. There was often conflict between the ideas and philosophies, for example, the telephone call Dynasty Neo-Confucians believed Legalism bygone from the original spirit of Confucianism. Examinations and a culture of merit remain greatly valued in China today.In recent course of studys, a number of New Confucians (not to be confused with Neo-Confucianism) have advocated that democratic ideals and human rights are quite compatible with traditional Confucian Asian values. With the educate of European economic and military power beginning in the mid-19th century, non-Chinese placements of mixer and political organization gained adherents in China. Some of these would-be reformers totally jilted Chinas cultural legacy, while others sought to combine the abilitys of Chinese and European cultures.In essence, the history of 20th-century China is one of experimentatio n with natural systems of social, political, and economic organization that would allow for the reintegration of the nation in the wake of dynastic collapse. Economics. By roughly 10,000 BCE, in the Neolithic Era, cultivation was practiced in China. Stratified bronze-age cultures, such as Erlitou, emerged by the third millennium BCE. under(a) the Shang (ca. 16001045 BCE) and Zhou (1045771 BCE), a dependent labor force worked in large-scale foundries and workshops to produce bronzes and silk for the elite.The agricultural surpluses produced by the manorial economy supported these too soon handicraft industries as well as urban centers and considerable armies. This system began to disintegrate after the collapse of the Western Zhou Dynasty in 771 BCE, forego the Spring and Autumn and struggle severalises eras. As the feudal system collapsed, much legislative power was transferred from the nobility to local kings. A merchant socio-economic class emerged during the Warring State s Period, resulting in gaind occupation. The new kings ceremonious anelaborate bureaucracy, victimization it to wage wars, build large temples, and perform public works projects. This new system rewarded talent over birthright important positions were no longitudinal occupied solely by nobility. The adoption of new iron tools revolutionized agriculture and led to a large population increase during this period. By 221 BCE, the render of Qin, which embraced reform more than other states, unify China, built the Great Wall, and amaze consistent standards of politics. 5 Although its draconian fair plays led to its overthrow in 206 BCE, the Qin institutions survived.During the Han Dynasty, China became a strong, unified, and centralized empire of self-sufficient farmers and artisans, though limited local indecorum remained. The Song Dynasty (9601279 CE) brought additional economic reforms. Paper money, movable type, the compass, and other proficient advances facilitated communic ation on a large scale and the widespread circulation of maintains. The state control of the economy diminished, allowing private merchants to prosper and a large increase in investment and profit.Despite disruptions during the Mongol conquest of 1279, the Ming Dynasty continued the Songs economic ontogeny. However, when the isolationist Qing Dynasty came into power, Chinas economic development began to slow. Europes rapid development during the Industrial Revolution enabled it to outdistance Chinaan event known as the great divergence. Trade with abroad nations on a large scale began during the reign of Emperor Wu, when he sent the explorer Zhang Yi to contact nations west of China in search of allies to fight the Xiongnu.After the defeat of the Xiongnu, however, Chinese armies established themselves in Central Asia, starting the famed Silk Road, which became a major avenue of supranational trade Paper and Printing. The greatest Chinese discoveries of all clock which the who le world accepts even today are the art of paper make, printing, particle accelerator powder and magnetic compass. Paper making was an art which highly-developed in ancient China and they used silk, cloth, pare, fiber and hemp. Later during the Han Dynasty, about 1800 years ago, paper making was refined and was being do from hemp and bark and later from bamboo.Printing technology was invented in ancient China as far back as the 8th century and by 868 they were use wood block printing which was used to print the first book in the world. Advancement in the technology came by 11th century when movable ceramic printer was invented during the rule of the Song Dynasty. By the time the nose drops dynasty came to power in ancient China, printing and paper making techniques had prompted the invention of books and book shops in the cities. Compass and accelerator pedal Powder. The invention of these two had put ancient China in the fore front in terms of scientific discovery and devel opment.The compass was extremely useful for trade and sea travel. Here they used magnets to magnetize a pointer made of iron. Later the western world borrowed the technique for the navigation on the sea. Gun powder was invented by accident when the ancient Chinese found that throwing some types of mineral powders in the fire produces color and sparkling flame. They used the technology for making fireworks. Later the same gunpowder changed the art of modern state of war when it was used by the European powers against their enemies. Politics and Government. past China had monarchy, i. e. giving medication headed by an emperor and a royal family. Chinese swayers also called monarchs found their government on the Confucian model, which taught that the ruler was a virtuous man who led by example Despotic leadership. China like many other countries at that time was an agriculture based country with the river Yangtze as its lifeline. During the ancient period the king would be the leade r and would be more of a dictator than a king for the large number who would take decisions undecomposed to them.He has un-surpassing power in all areas be it economy or governance or agriculture which was the livelihood of the people. Earliest incident of dictatorial leadership could probably be traced back to the Hsia dynasty (2200 1750 BC) when the emperor Yao picked Shun as his successor to help his people who were burdened by the regular floods. edify Leadership. Shun can be accustomed credit for being an initiate leader, but he was very harsh on his people. He could put any of his people to death if they did not agree with his leadership. Other punishmentsinclude using whip, stick and fines for small offences. He was succeeded by Yu, who founded Hsia, the first dynasty. During this dynasty the Chinese government or the emperor employed huge labor to work under four groups military, farming, construction workers and textile labor. Textile labor were given the task of wea ving silk thread by hand to make costume for the royal family, construction work included public work such as building wall, enlarging canals for agriculture etc. Military. antediluvian patriarch China was most of the time caught in battles against the Huns or the invaders.In military the casualty was very high, because at that time it was quiet common to have mass warfare killing thousands at the same time ordinary soldiers were simply treat as pawns by the king and other leaders. Shan Dynasty (1750-1040 BC) was ruthless when it came to battles, they even made the whole family fight in battles together because he believed they would fight break down with each other. Position of Women. The Shan Dynasty followed the philosophy of Yin and Yan and believed in giving lesser mathematical function to women in the society as compared to men.Women were not given opportunities and were treated as inferior. Efforts to reform the Chinese Government. The Chou Dynasty (1040 -256 BC) tried to bring improvements in the government after the corrupt Shan Dynasty and tried to employ the feudal system. This new form of government in ancient China collapsed and ended up with Warring states period (403- 221 BC). Furthermore, corrupt emperors caused the country to fall apart into a continuous war like situation. It was after these that the enlightened Qin Dynasty ruled, which tried to reform and unified the country and builds the Great Wall of China.The superannuated Chinese Government was more of Despotism rather than Enlightened Monarchy which works for the betterment of the people. Legal Systems. many a(prenominal) of the ancient level-headed systems were considered to be harsh by modern day standards. When societies were beginning to establish civil order and a government pecking order often many exposit seemed extreme for example, Hammurabis Code and the mall for an eye principle or the torture practices common in gothic Europe. Although, modern China may be suspe cted of human rights abuses, old-fashioned Chinas good system was based on ethical motive and the inherent good of the citizens.The ancient Chinese legal system evolved through the principles of Confucianism and Legalism along with the traditions and morals of Ancient Chinese life. Confucianism. Confucianism as a philosophy gained prominence in the early existence of Ancient China. The Confucian philosophy believed that social control and social order could only be created through education. Confucianism influenced the Ancient Chinese legal system as it believed that humans were inherently good and that order was based on respect for the King and ones fellow man.The early legal system of Ancient China was as a result, hesitant to utilize codified or written law. This was because codified laws served to tell people what to do without explaining the reasoning. Instead of codified law, the legal system of Ancient China was initially intended to be alternate to moral reasoning. It w as believed under Confucianism that by ruling through traditions, norms, and morals that those who bust the accepted conditions would be ashamed and ostracized from society. Over time however, it became clear that in some circumstances peoples self-interest would differ from society.It was because of this that the premises of Confucianism were mixed with those of Legalism to form the first codified law in Ancient China. Legalism. Legalism in contrast to Confucianism was based on the concept that humans were predisposed to evil or wrongdoing. This belief led to the understanding that codified law and punishments were needed in order to maintain order in society. When Ancient China began to incorporate these principles into their legal system a focus was located on the ruler. It was important to these principles that the ruler remained above the law so that his word could act as a guide.It was also important to Legalism that a ruler was respected so that his laws and punishments we re seen as just. As Ancient Chinas legal system evolved it remained important that the law had the respect of the people and that the people understood the traditions. Important Principles. Ancient Chinas legal system is one of the oldest legal traditions and yet unlike modern day systems there was no separation between civil and criminal law. The legal system of Ancient China was structured around the ruler being able to unify societys interests while maintaining respect.This premise is why any crimes against the ruler received no mercy. After the ruler in Ancient China the family was held in the highest regard this is why crimes against the family were considered one of the greatest offences. In general Ancient Chinas legal system move to enforce filial piety, to uphold the respect of family ancestors, to avoid legal treat when possible, to create deterrents to actions and to control outbursts. In comparison, to many other early legal systems, Chinas system was relatively relaxe d and centered on the citizens rather than government mandates.Ancient Chinas legal system was founded on the traditions of the society it was meant to control allowing the system to evolve into the present day Culture. periodic life in Ancient China is as mysterious as it is old. The ancient Chinese were master creators, artists, craftsmen and warlords. They created paper, gunpowder for battles, matches, cannons, compass, umbrellas and many more. They created many artifacts. They developed many martial arts and other art forms such as calligraphy. They used coins with holes in them. As there were no banks at that time they used to collect the money through strings in the coins.Ancient China was ruled by many dynasties and was constantly plagued with war. The peasants celebrated organise which was a very important festival in their life. It was celebrated during leakage to welcome a good harvest and good fortune. Usually unseasoned men and women paired up and sang and danced. Li ke today, even in ancient China the Dragon was a sign of good luck. Chinese art is well known throughout the world. Its painting and calligraphy established the guiding principals by which other civilizations would emulate. In Chinese art, each intent has its own subjective meaning, and can be interpreted in many ways.To the Chinese, color and form are not just words, but are a part of what makes them a unique people there readiness to surround themselves with beautiful architecture and lavish technique know no bounds. People around the world love Chinese food, and so they should. tons of tradition and care has gone into some of todays finest and most famous dishes. In addition, Chinese medicine has been around for centuries, but only recently has it become a new, and almost baseline treatment, for common ailments such as headaches and fevers.Ancient Chinese Paintings. There are very hardly a(prenominal) remains of paintings of ancient times except on ceramic and tiles, a clear historic development can be traced only after 5th century AD. Hundreds of caves of Buddhist wall paintings and scrolls dating back to late 5th century AD have been discovered. A highly organize system of representing objects was discovered different from the western perspective the greatest strength of this art is its incomparable mastery of lines and silhouette.The art of figure painting reached its height during the Tang Dynasty, which also saw the rise of the great art of landscape painting executed as brush drawings with color washes Chinese Music and rime. Ancient Chinese music can be traced back to Neolithic age based on the discovery of bone flutes. Poetry and Music were influenced by the Book of Song, Confucius and the Chinese poet and statesman Qu Yuan. In the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties music was only for the royal families and dignitaries, entering the mainstream only in the Tang Dynasty.In the Song Dynasty ,Kunqu, the oldest form of Chinese opera developed and it was during this time that the writers and artists came up with new form of lyric poetry Ci. Other invention Forms. There were other forms of art apart from the ones mentioned above during ancient times in China like Seals, Calligraphy, Embroidery, kite making, paper cutting and tush puppetry. Ancient Chinese culture boasts of glorious forms of Art and traditional crafts which are just two of the many jewels in Chinas 5000 year history.